Chap5

51999CRCPressLLCMedia-SpecificConventions,AgreementsandStandardsCONTENTSIntroductionMedia-SpecificRegulationsforSelectedCountriesAirPollutionWaterResourcesWasteInternationalTreatiesRelatingtotheEnvironmentINTRODUCTIONImportantresourcessuchasair,water,andsoilhavebeenthesubjectofagreementsanddisagree-mentsthroughouthistory.Withregardtoresourceprotection,regulationshavebeendeveloped,implemented,andfrequentlyamendedbycountriesaroundtheworldsincethe1960sand1970s.Entireactsortreatieshavebeendedicatedtoairandwaterpollutionandhazardouswasteman-agement.However,priortotheselaws,internationalmeasuresregardingprotectionoftheenvi-ronmentandnaturalresourcesweremainlydesignedtomaximizeresourceexploitation.Accordingtotheprincipleofterritorialsovereignty,stateshavetherighttousetheirterritoryextendingtothecountry’sgeographicalboundaryastheywish,includingresourceexploitation.Statesovereigntyhasbeenreaffirmedinthefollowinginternationalagreements:•ArticleIIIoftheInternationalLawAssociation’sPrinciplesofLawGoverningtheUsesoftheWatersofInternationalRivers•Article6oftheUNESCOWorldHeritageConvention•Article15oftheBiodiversityConvention•Principle21oftheStockholmDeclaration•Principle2oftheRioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopmentPrinciple2,RioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopment(1992)reads“Stateshave,inaccordancewiththeCharteroftheUnitedNationsandtheprinciplesofinternationallaw,thesovereignrighttoexploittheirownresourcespursuanttotheirownenvironmentalanddevelopmentalpolicies,andtheresponsibilitytoensurethatactivitieswithintheirjurisdictionorcontroldonotcausedamagetotheenvironmentofotherstatesorofareasbeyondthelimitsofnationaljurisdiction.”Principle21oftheStockholmDeclarationisidenticaltothatoftheRioDeclarationexcerptaboveexceptthattheRioDeclarationhasincluded“developmentalpolicies”withenvironmentalpolicies.ThisclearlyindicatestherelationshiptheRioDeclarationhaswithbalancingenvironmentalanddevelopmentalactivities.Noticethattheactivitymustnotexceedtheirboundaries.Followingthisperiodofresourceexploitation,nationalandinternationallawbegantofocusonmedium-specificChap5.fmPage45Sunday,August19,200112:19PM1999CRCPressLLCenvironmentallaws.Inthe1970s,Germany,UnitedStates,France,Italy,Japan,TheNetherlands,andtheUnitedKingdomestablishedlawstoprotectair,water,andlandresources.Thesemedia-specificlaws,especiallythosefromtheUnitedStates,havebeenusedasmodelsforenvironmentallawsbyothercountries.Theadoptionofmedia-specificregulationshascontinuedalthoughtheshifttoprevention,management,andplanninghadbegun.Thisshiftwassupportedbynumerousinternationalagreementsfocusingonsustainability.Insupportoftheregulatoryframework,indi-vidualcountrieshavedevelopedtechnicalandguidancedocumentstofacilitatecompliance.Also,standardsorganizationssuchasASTM(U.S.),ANSI(U.S.),andDIN(Germany)havedevelopedhundredsofdetailedtechnicalstandardscoveringtestmethods,practices,andproceduresrelatingtoallaspectsoftheenvironment.Forexample,ASTMhasdevelopedastandardfortheperformanceofenvironmentalsiteassessments.DINhasdevelopedstandardmethodsfortheexaminationofwaterandwastewater.Inaddition,dataseries,manuals,monographs,andspecialtechnicalpubli-cationshavebeendeveloped.Further,EUdirectivescoveringairandwaterpollutionandhazardouswastehavebeenestablished.Thischapterlistsmedia-specificregulationsforvariouscountriesandtheEU,reviewssomeofthemedia-specificinternationalagreements,andlistsmedia-specificstandardsfromorganizations.MEDIA-SPECIFICREGULATIONSFORSELECTEDCOUNTRIESAUSTRALIA•NationalEnvironmentalProtectionMeasures(Implementation)Act1998•HazardousWaste,RegulationofExportsandImports,1989(Amendment1996)•OzoneProtectionAct1989•EnvironmentalProtection(SeaDumping)Act1981•ProtectionoftheSeaAct,PreventionofPollutionfromShips,1983•DangerousGoodsAct1975and1985•EnvironmentallyHazardousChemicalsAct1985•EnvironmentalEffectsAct1978•EnvironmentalProtectionAct1970•WaterAct1958•EndangeredSpeciesProtectionAct1992•NationalParksandWildlifeConservationAct1975•GreatBarrierReefMarinePartAct1975AUSTRIAAgreementonAmbientAirQualityStandards,enteredin1987betweenthefederalgovernmentandtheninestates.•AirPollutionLawforBoilerFacilities,1988•ChlorinatedHydrocarbonFacilitiesRegulation,promulgated1990•ConstitutionalFederalLawonComprehensiveEnvironmentalProtection,1984•GeneralRegulationonWastewaterDischarges,promulgated1991•LawonOldHazardousWasteSites,1989•LawonOzone,1992•LawonSmogAlarm,1989•LawonWasteMaterial,1990•RegulationonAsbestos,promulgated1990•RegulationontheProhibitionofHalons,promulgated1990•RegulationProhibitingFluorochlorohydrocarbonsasaPropellant,promulgated1990Chap5.fmPage46Sunday,August19,200112:19PM1999CRCPressLLC•RegulationProhibitingFullyHalogenatedFluorochlorohydrocarbons,promulgated1990•WasteManifestRegulation,1991•WasteOilRegulation,1987•WaterLaw(lastamendments1990)BELARUSApplicableformerUSSRlawsincludelawsaddressingair,water,land,andminerals.BERMUDA•AgricultureRegulations,1967(SoilErosion)•TheCleanAirAct,1991•HamiltonSewerageAct,1917•MarineandPortsAuthorityRegulations,1967(Dumping)•TheMerchantShip