Chap8

81999CRCPressLLCProgramsoftheUnitedNationsCONTENTSIntroductionUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment(UNCED)UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramTheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)INTRODUCTIONTheworldofficesoftheUnitedNations(UN)includetheUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva(UNOG)andtheUnitedNationsOfficeatNewYork(headquarters).TheUNisaninternationalorganizationconsistingof126countriesthatwasformedtopromoteinternationalpeace,security,andcooper-ation.ThiswastobedoneunderachartersignedinSanFranciscoin1945withtheintentofcoordinatingactivitiesofmemberstates.Althoughnotofficiallyalegislativebody,theUNhasadopteddeclarationsoflawmuchlikealegislature.TheUNconsistsofpoliticalbodiesandagenciesor“organs”thatcarryoutitswork,includingtheinitiation,negotiation,andadoptionofmultilateralandintergovernmentaltreaties.Memberstatesmaintaintherighttoparticipateinthetreaty-makingprocess.DecisionsbytheUNaremadethroughvotingbythememberstates.Inadditiontodealingwithproblemsrelatingtohealth,food,education,andhumanrights,theUNaddressespollutionandenvironmentalissues.Asaresultofthe1972StockholmConferenceontheHumanEnviron-ment,theUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram(UNEP)wascreatedbytheUNGeneralAssembly,Resolution2997(XXVII).Forthefirsttime,anagencyoftheUNhadaspecificenvironmentalagenda.Theirmission“Facilitateinternationalcooperationintheenvironmentalfield;tokeeptheworldenvironmentalsitu-ationunderreviewsothatproblemsofinternationalsignificancereceiveappropriateconsiderationbyGovernments;andtopromotetheacquisition,assessmentandexchangeofenvironmentalknowledge.”UnitedNations,Everyone’sUnitedNations168,1978UNITEDNATIONSCONFERENCEONENVIRONMENTANDDEVELOPMENT(UNCED)INTRODUCTIONUNCEDoriginatedfromthe1972UnitedNationsConferenceontheHumanEnvironmentthatmetinStockholm,Sweden.Thisconferencewasthefirstmajor,modern,internationalgatheringonhumanactivitiesrelatingtotheenvironment.TheconferenceproducedtheStockholmDecla-ration,whichisasetofprinciples“…toinspireandguidethepeoplesoftheworldinthepreservationandenhancementofthehumanenvironment.”Chapter4containstheentiretextofthedeclaration.Chap8.fmPage161Sunday,August19,200112:37PM1999CRCPressLLCUNCEDCOLLECTIONTheUNCEDcollectionisasetofdocumentsproducedbytheUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment(EarthSummit).Documentsfromthepreconferenceactivitiesarealsoincluded.UNCEDwasheldJune3through14,1992,inRiodeJaneiro,Brazil.Delegationsfrom178countries,headsofstateofmorethan100countries,andrepresentativesofmorethan1,000nongovernmentalorganizationsattended.Fourpreparatorycommittees(“prepcoms”)metinthetwoyearspriortoUNCEDandproducedthetextsofmajorUNCEDagreements.TheUNCEDcollectionincludes•Draftversionsoftheagreements•Reportsbyexperts•Materialsfromthenegotiatingprocess.•100nationalenvironmentalreportssubmittedtoUNCED•SpeechesofnationalleadersattheconferenceUNCEDmajoragreements1.Agenda21—40-chapterstatementofgoalsandpotentialprogramsrelatedtosustainabledevelopment2.TheRioDeclaration-principlesonsustainabledevelopment3.TheBiodiversityTreaty-abindinginternationalagreementaimedatstrengtheningnationalcontrolandpreservationofbiologicalresources4.TheStatementofForestPrinciples-anonbindingagreementondevelopment,preser-vation,andmanagementoftheEarth’sremainingforests5.TheFrameworkConventiononClimateChange-abindinginternationalagreementrelatingtoglobalwarmingthatseekstolimitorreduceemissionsofgreenhousegases,mainlycarbondioxideandmethane.ThisconventionwasnegotiatedpriortoRiobut,asplanned,wasopenedforsignatureattheconference.ACD-ROMthatincludesallofficialdocumentsandacompletecollectionofnationalreportsisavailablefromtheUN.ThefinalUNCEDdocumentsinEnglish,French,andSpanishareavailablethroughagopherserverattheUN.AGENDA21IntroductionFollow-uponofficialUNimplementationofAgenda21andthenon-bindingUNCEDagreementshasformallybeenassignedtotheUnitedNationsCommissiononSustainableDevelopment(UNCSD),aninstitutionorganizedasaresultofUNCED.Agenda21ContentsChapter1PreambleSectionI.SocialandEconomicDimensionsChapter2InternationalCooperationforSustainableDevelopmentChapter3CombatingPovertyChapter4ChangingConsumptionPatternsChapter5DemographicDynamics&SustainabilityChapter6HumanHealthChap8.fmPage162Sunday,August19,200112:37PM1999CRCPressLLCChapter7HumanSettlementsChapter8DecisionMakingSectionII.ConservationandManagementofResourcesforDevelopmentChapter9ProtectionoftheAtmosphereChapter10LandResourcesChapter11DeforestationChapter12Desertification&DroughtChapter13SustainableMountainDevelopmentChapter14SustainableAgriculture&RuralDevelopmentChapter15ConservationofBiodiversityChapter16BiotechnologyChapter17ProtectionoftheOceansChapter18FreshwaterResourcesChapter19ToxicChemicals-ManagementChapter20HazardousWastes-ManagementChapter21SolidWastes–ManagementChapter22RadioactiveWastes-ManagementSectionIII.StrengtheningtheRoleofMajorGroupsChapter23PreambleMajorGroupsChapter24WomenChapter25Children&YouthChapter26IndigenousPeopleChapter27Non-GovernmentalOrganizationsChapter28LocalAuthoritiesChapter29TradeUnionsChapter30Business&IndustryChapter31Scientific&Techn