chapter2prokaryote

Chapter2ProkaryoteProkaryotes:Bacteria(细菌)Archaea(远古细菌)Actinobacteria(放线菌)Mycoplasmatales(支原体)Rickettsiales(立克氏体)Chlamydiae(衣原体)Cyanobacteria(蓝细菌)Spirochaetes(螺旋体)Section1BacteriaMorphologyofProkaryotesCoccusorCocciRodSpirillumorSpirillaSpirocheteBuddingandappendagedFilamentousBacteriasizeCocci0.5~2μmRod(0.5~1.0)×(1~5)Spirillum(0.25~1.7)×(2~60)TheBacteriaCellsConsistingofcellwall,protoplasm(cytoplasmicmembrane,ribosome,inclusions,chromosome),flagellaTheCellWallofBacteria:StructureandFunctionTogiveshapeandrigiditytothecells(peptidoglycan(肽聚糖ormurein胞壁质)Staining:Dyescanbeusedtostaincellsandincreasetheircontrast-GramStainingOverallStructureoftheGram-positiveCellWalla)Teichoicacid:磷壁酸磷壁酸壁结合蛋白脂磷壁质肽聚糖细胞质膜OuterWallLayerofGram-negativeBacteriaOutermembranelayerofmanyGram-negativebacteriaisfrequentlytoxictoanimals格兰氏阴性菌外膜周质多糖核心多糖蛋白质类脂A孔蛋白脂多糖磷脂脂蛋白Functionofcellwall保护原生质体免受渗透压引起的破裂作用维持细菌的细胞形态多孔分子筛的作用为鞭毛提供支点Protoplasm(原生质体）CytoplasmicMembrane(plasmamembrane)细胞膜Inclusions细胞内含物Nucleoid(chromosome)拟核CytoplasmicMembrane:StructureStructureofthecytoplasmicmembraneProkaryotesMembraneStabilizers:hydrogenbondshydrophobicinteractionsMg2+,Ca2+FunctionsoftheCytoplasmicMembrane维持渗透压的梯度和溶质的转移合成细胞壁形成中间体物质与能量代谢为鞭毛提供附着点InclusionsandStorageProductsRibosome核糖体Inclusomegranule内含颗粒Volutin异染粒Polyhydroxyalkanoates(carbonsourceandenergystoragematerials)聚羟基链烷酸酯Glycogen(carbonsourceandenergystoragematerials)肝糖Sulfurgranule硫粒GasvacuoleRibosomePolyhydroxyalkanoatesorPHA•Mostlyhydrophobic;•Chiralmonomers;•Greatstructurevarieties;•AmongPHA,polyhydroxybutyrateorPHBisthemostcommon;•Molecularweightsrangefrom10,000toseveralmillions.CapsulesandSlimeLayers(Glycocalyxor多糖包被)Glycocalyx:Polysaccharide-containingmateriallyingoutsidethecell.Capsules:Rigidlayersofglycocalyx.SlimeLayers:Flexiblelayersofglycocalyx.MorphologyofEndospores(孢子）A.Terminal,B.Subterminal,C.CentralABCEndosporeLifeCycleandStructureA.LifeCycleofendospore（内生孢子）B.FormationofendosporeinBacillusmegateriumC.MaturefreeendosporeABCFlagellarArrangementsPeritrichousPolarLophotrichousThemajorityofmotileprokaryotesmovebymeansofflagellaTheE.coliFlagellarStructureFimbriae(菌毛)andPilli(纤毛)细菌的培养特征固体培养基（菌落和菌苔）菌落特征（图2－16）表面特征：光滑／粗糙，干燥／湿润边缘特征纵剖面特征明胶培养基液体培养基半固体培养基BacteriaColonyPhysicalchemistrycharacters细胞表面电荷和等电点（isoelectric)细菌的染色细菌悬液的稳定性细菌悬液的浑浊度细菌的多相胶体性质细菌的比表面积细菌的密度和重量微生物种类的鉴定经典的鉴定方法微生物的微型、简便、快速或自动化鉴定技术API细菌数值鉴定系统（APISystem）“Biolog”全自动和手动细菌鉴定系统微生物分类鉴定中的现代方法通过核酸分析鉴定微生物遗传型细胞化学成分用作鉴定指标Section2Archaea古菌的特点古菌的形态：多样球形、杆状、螺旋形、耳垂形、盘形、不规则形状、古菌的细胞结构（主要区分点）代谢：代谢多样呼吸类型：厌氧、兼氧（无严格的好氧型）繁殖速度：慢生活习性：极端条件古菌主要的种类ExtremelyHalophilicArchaea(极端嗜盐菌）Methane-ProducingArchaea:Methanogenes（产甲烷菌）HyperthermophilicArchaea(极端嗜热菌）Archaea:EarliestLifeForms?ExtremelyHalophilicArchaeaHypersalinehabitats:GreatSaltLakeinUtahSeawaterevaporatingponds:thered-purpleColorisduetobacterioruberins（菌红素）andbacteriorhodopsin（细菌视紫红质）ofhalobacteriumEnvironmentsforextremelyhalophileSolarsaltevaporationpondsNaturalsaltlakesArtificialsalinehabitats(surfacesofheavilysaltedfoodsuchascertainfishandmeats)Requireatleast1.5M(9%)NaClforgrowthMostspeciesrequire2-4M(12-23%)NaClforgrowthSomecangrowatpHof10-12NoharmfultohumanandanimalsMethane-ProducingArchaea:MethanogensMethaneformationoccursunderstrictlyanoxicconditions.CO2-typesubstrates(CO2,HCOO-andCO)canbeusedascarbonsources.Methylsubstrates(CH3OH,CH3NH2+,(CH3)2NH+,(CH3)3NH+,CH3SH,(CH3)2S)aremethanogeniccarbonsources.Acetotrophicsubstratessuchasacetatecanalsobeusedtoproducemethane.ThreeclassesofmethanogenicsubstratesareknownandallreleasefreeenergysuitableforATPsynthesisHyperthermophilicArchaeaTemperatureOptimaabove80oCMostisolatedfromgeothermallyheatedsoilsorwaterscontainingsulfuransulfidesMostareobligateanaerobesManygrowchemolithotrophically,withH2asenergysourceHyperthermophilicfromSubmarineVolcanicAreasBoilingpointsincreasewithwaterdepth.Pyrodiumhasagrowthoptimumof105oC,hashigherGC(62%).Cellsareirregularlydisc-anddish-shaped,growincultureasamoldlikelayeronsulfurcrystalssuspendedinthemedium.StrictanaerobethatgrowschemolithotrophicallyatneutralpHonH2withS0aselectronacceptor.Growthoccurbetween82-110oC.Pyrodiumoccultum(optima105oC)Archaea:EarliestLifeForms?Earlygeochemicalconditions:HightemperatureHighsaltLowpHStrictanoxicconditionsOnlyArchaeacanstandsuchenvironmentalextrems.Doyouagreewiththeargument:ArchaeaaretheEarliestLifeFormsSection3Actinomycetes(放线菌）Section4CyanobacteriaBloom(水华）Eutrophication（富营养化）富营养化系统产生的物种往往是人们不希望出现的。与贫营养或中营养系统相比，富营养系统O2浓度波动大。水体中过多浮游植物和大型水生植物会影响美观，降低水体在休闲旅游方面的价值。富营养化系统中生物浓度很高，再加上有时来自化学或物理方面的压力，使得系统存在激烈的资源竞争和沉重的捕食压力，生物多样性差。Section5其它原核微生物立克氏体支原体自由生活的最小的原核微生物，唯一一种没有细胞壁的原核细胞衣原体缺乏合成生物能量来源的ATP酶螺旋体“在中国，他将永远不会被忘记.”——李约瑟医学家-汤飞凡(1897.8.20－1958.9.30)医学微生物学家。湖南醴陵人。又名瑞昭。1914年入湘雅医学专门学校，1921年毕业，获湘雅医学院医学博士学位。任教于北京协和医院。1926年被派往美国哈佛大学医学院从事细菌学研究。1929年回国后，任上海中央大学医学院副教授、教授、细菌学系主任，1932年后兼任上海雷氏德医学研究院细菌学系主任。1935年任英国国立医学研究院研究员。1937年后，任上海医学院细菌学教授，中央防疫实验处生物制品技正、处长，创建昆明卫生防疫处。1947年在世界微生物学会第四次大会上当选为常委。中华人民共和国成立后，历任卫生部北京生物制品研究所所