FactorsthatAffectDrugs’EffectivenessDepartmentofPharmacology,SchoolofPharmacy,LiaoningUniversityofTraditionalChineseMedicineDrugs’factorsIDose,andPhysicalnatureofdrugsForinstance,drugpowdersize,formulation,electricalcharge,andshape.剂量不同,同一药物对机体作用的强度也不一样。例:注射剂、片剂不同剂型吸收程度不同,同一剂型也因制剂工艺不同而不同.Routesofadministration口服:吸收慢而不规则;注射:不方便、经济与安全;舌下与直肠:无首过效应,但吸收率不高;吸入:适用于麻醉药和气管扩张药局部用药给药时间、给药间隔时间及疗程1、给药时间Acycleofactiveandnon-activeperiodsinbodydeterminedbytheinternalmechanismsadrepeatedaboutevery24hoursiscalledcircadianrhythm(biologicalclock).ThestudyofcircadianrhythmofdrugdispositioniscalledChronopharmacology2、给药间隔时间应用抗菌药治疗感染性疾病时尤为突出,因为血药浓度在有效和无效之间波动可导致细菌产生抗药性。3、疗程指为达到一定的治疗目的而连续用药的时间。Suddencardiacdeathparallelsthoseofhypertension,heartmuscleischemia,angina,andheartattack-a70%greaterriskbetweenthehoursof7a.m.and9a.m.,comparedtotherestoftheday.Cushing'ssyndrome(hypercortisolism)causedbyhypothalamusproducingcorticotropin-releasinghormone(CRH),CRHstimulatesthepituitaryreleaseofadrenocorticotropichormone(ACTH)whichstimulatestheadrenalglandstoproducecortisol反复用药1、耐受性快速耐受性:交叉耐受性:2、耐药性联合用药药物相互作用(Druginteraction)DrugplasmaproteinbindingSynergism(potentiation)Forinstance,sulfamethoxazoleandtrimethoprimusedincombination.药物配伍禁忌药物在体内的相互作用包括药动学和药效学两个方面。1、药动学方面(1)妨碍吸收(2)竞争血浆蛋白结合(3)影响生物转化(4)影响药物排泄2、药效学方面(1)协同作用相加作用:如阿司匹林与对乙酰氨基酚合用,解热镇痛作用增加增强作用:如磺胺甲噁唑与甲氧苄定合用,抗菌作用增加增敏作用:如可卡因抑制交感神经末梢对去甲肾上腺素的再摄取,出现去甲肾上腺素或肾上腺素作用增强(2)拮抗作用药理性拮抗:如纳洛酮拮抗吗啡的作用生理性拮抗:如组胺作用于H1受体,肾上腺素作用于受体化学性拮抗:如重金属或类金属中毒可用二硫基丙醇解救生化性拮抗:如苯巴比妥诱导肝药酶,使苯妥英钠等药代谢加速(3)无关作用IndividualfactorsIndividualvariationcanbecongenitaloracquired.I.AgeChildrenChildrenareatthestageofdevelopingorgans,sotheabilityofdrughepaticmetabolismandrenalclearanceofchildandarelowerthanthatadult.elderlyForelderly,theorganfunctions,e.g.,liverandkidneydecreased,resultingindrugbiotransformationinliveranddrugexcretioninkidneydeclinedgradually.PharmacologicalandadverseeffectsofadrugforbothchildrenandelderlyareincreasedII.GenderInPrinciple,therearenoapparentdifferencesbetweenbothgendersresponsetodrugs.However,(a)inmenstruation,drugsaffectinguteruscontractionshouldbeavoidedtopreventfromoverbleeding;(b)inpregnancy,extremecarefulnessshouldbetakenforthesafetyofbothmotherandfetus;and(c)duringlactation,attentionshouldbepaidtosomedrugsthatexcreteviathemilk.III、个体差异(1)高敏性:对药物反应特别敏感,很小量就能产生其他人常用量时的作用。(2)低敏性:对药物反应特别不敏感,需加大剂量才能有效(3)特异质反应药物代谢酶异常:慢乙酰化型、快乙酰化型非药物代谢酶异常:药物吸收障碍、高铁血红蛋白缺乏IV、种族不同人种或民族的人群,对某些药物的反应会产生明显差异。大约有半数日本人和中国人肝内ALDH2缺乏,但在白种人和黑人中,未发现这种酶功能缺乏着。GeneticfactorsTheaimofpharmacogeneticsistostudytheinfluenceofgeneticdifferenceandhereditarydiseaseonthepharmacokineticsandpharmacodynmicsofdrugs.V.PsychologicalfactorsPlaceboeffect:(a)Thebeneficialeffectinapatientfollowingaparticulartreatmentthatarisesfromthepatient'sexpectationsconcerningthetreatment(non-specificplaceboeffect)ratherthandrugspecificpharmacologiceffects.Psychologicalfactorsnotonlyincludenon-specificplaceboeffectbutalsoincludePatient-DoctorInteraction(relationship)whichmayinfluencepatient’smoodandothersubjectiveandobjectiveeffectscontrolledbyautonomicnervesandhormones.VI.PathologicfactorsTheliveristhemainorganofdrugmetabolism.Hepaticdysfunctiondecreasesdrugmetabolism,drugactionwillbeprolonged.However,somedrugsaretransformedtotheactiveformsintheliver,inthissituation,drugeffectswillbedecreased.Renalexcretionplaysakeyroleinfinaldrugelimination.Renalfailurewillresultindrugaccumulationinthebody,prolongingitseffect.CardiacdiseaseCardiacdisease,bylimitingbloodflowtotheliver,maydepresstheeliminationofdrugswhosemetabolismisflow-limitedandtheclearanceisperfusion-limited其他因素一、营养状态营养不良:高蛋白及低蛋白饮食:禁食和饥饿:二、嗜好和环境1、长期饮酒和吸烟2、环境中存在多种化学物质3、环境温度、湿度、噪音、通气条件等练习题联合应用两种药物,其总的作用大于各药单独作用的代数和,这种作用叫做:A、增强作用B、相加作用C、协同作用D、互补作用E、拮抗作用A、药物引起的反应与个人体质有关,与用药剂量无关B、等量药物引起和一般病人相似但强度更高的药理效应或毒性C、用药一段时间后,病人对药物产生精神上的依赖,中断用药后,会出现主观上的不适D、长期用药后,产生了生理上的依赖,停药后出现了戒断症状E、长期用药后,需要逐渐增加用量,才能保持药效不减1、高敏性是:2、过敏性是:3、成瘾性是:4、耐受性是: