ElectrochemicalEnergyStorage2015

ElectrochemicalEnergyStorageEnergyStorage–BatteriesandSupercapacitorsSetcoordinatedbyPatriceSimon&Jean-MarieTarasconVolume1ElectrochemicalEnergyStorageJean-MarieTarasconPatriceSimonFirstpublished2015inGreatBritainandtheUnitedStatesbyISTELtdandJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchorprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,thispublicationmayonlybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withthepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orinthecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsandlicensesissuedbytheCLA.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethesetermsshouldbesenttothepublishersattheundermentionedaddress:ISTELtdJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.27-37StGeorge’sRoad111RiverStreetLondonSW194EUHoboken,NJ07030UKUSA©ISTELtd2015TherightsofJean-MarieTarasconandPatriceSimontobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthisworkhavebeenassertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014958638BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationDataACIPrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryISBN978-1-84821-720-1ContentsINTRODUCTION...............................viiCHAPTER1.BATTERIESANDSUPERCAPACITORS:SOMEREMINDERS...............11.1.Mainevolutionofbatteriesfromthe1980stonow.........................11.2.Supercapacitors:recentdevelopments...........8CHAPTER2.ADVANCEDLI-ION.....................112.1.PositiveelectrodematerialsforLi-iontechnology............................112.2.NegativeelectrodematerialsforLi-iontechnology............................142.3.ThequestionofelectrolytesforLi-iontechnology..........................15CHAPTER3.CAPACITIVESTORAGE..................173.1.Carbonatedmaterialsforcapacitivestorage...................................173.2.Pseudocapacitivematerials..................183.3.Electrolytesforsupercapacitors...............203.4.Hybridsystemsandmiddle-termgoals...........21CHAPTER4.NEWCHEMISTRIES....................234.1.Li-airtechnology.........................24viElectrochemicalEnergyStorage4.2.Li-Stechnology..........................274.3.Na-iontechnology.........................294.4.Redox-flowtechnology......................324.5.All-solidstatebatteries.....................36CHAPTER5.ECO-COMPATIBLESTORAGE..............415.1.Ionothermalsynthesis......................425.2.Bioinspiredsynthesis/approach................425.3.Organicelectrodesfor“green”Li-ionbatteriesandmoredurablebatteries...............455.4.RecyclingandLCA........................47CHAPTER6.SMARTMATERIALS....................496.1.Photonicsofinsertionmaterialstocreatephoto-rechargeablebatteries..............506.2.Micro-energysources.......................51CHAPTER7.TECHNOLOGYTRANSFER,RESEARCHPROMOTIONANDEDUCATION..............537.1.Development:industrialproperty..............537.2.Education..............................547.2.1.ErasmusMundusMaster’sdegree:MaterialsforEnergyStorageandConversion(MESC)......................557.2.2.SpecializationinEnergyStorageandConversion(SCE),atENSCBP(Bordeaux–INP)..................57CONCLUSION.................................59BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................63INDEX......................................75IntroductionThesupplyandmanagementofenergyaremorethaneveratthecenterofourdailyconcernsandareamajorsocioeconomicpriority.Currently,wedependonfossilfuelswithtwoseriousconsequences:exhaustionofreservesandworseningofthegreenhouseeffectcausedbytheemissionofcarbondioxide(CO2)fromtheircombustion.Duetoanincreasingworldpopulation,whichisexpectedtoexpandfrom7to10billionby2050,andeconomicdevelopment,energydemandswilldouble,from14TWcurrentlyto28TWin2050,whichwouldincreasetheatmosphericconcentrationofCO2ifnoactionistaken;theresultwouldbeevergreaterclimatewarming[TAR11].Thus,allglobalorganizationsagreethatenergyisthemainchallengeofthe21stCenturythatourplanetmustovercome.Nowadays,ifwehaveanyhopeofreversingthistrend,wemustdeveloptheuseofrenewableenergies(solar,wind,geothermal,biomass,etc.),which,despitetheirintermittentcharacter,havealowCO2footprint.However,forthisenergytransitiontobesuccessful,itisimportanttoconsiderhowtheycanbeusedmoreefficientlyandfindinnovativemanagementsolutions,reliableconversionandstorageofenergy,thatarelowcostandwidelyapplicable.Forthis,weneed(1)efficientphotovoltaicandthermoelectricalsystemstoconvertlightandheatintoelectricity,respectively;viiiElectrochemicalEnergyStorage(2)electronicconductorssuchassuperconductorstominimizetheJouleeffect;and(3)storagesystemssuchasbatteries/supercapacitorstostoreenergyinchemicalformsandconvertitbacktoelectricitywhenrequired.Althoughtheseissuesassociatedwiththeproduction,transportandstorageofenergyareexcitingduetothedifferentstrategiesimplemented,wewilladdressonlyelectrochemicalstorageinthisbook.Thestorageofelectricalenergywillcontinuetoplayanincreasinglyvitalroleinsectorssuchastransport(electricandhybridvehicles),medicine,defenseandaerospace,telecommunicationsandothersectors.In2020,itispredictedthat,forexam