Fabricationandevaluationofnovelzeolitemembranestoc

Fabricationandevaluationofnovelzeolitemembranestocontroltheneoplasticactivityandanti-tumoraldrugtreatmentsinhumanbreastcancercells.Part1:SynthesisandcharacterizationofPureZeoliteMembranesandMixedMatrixMembranesforadhesionandgrowthofcancercellsPalmiraTavolaroa,⁎,1,GuglielmoMartinob,SebastianoAndòa,AdalgisaTavolaroc,1aDepartmentofPharmacy,HealthandNutritionalSciences,UniversityofCalabria,Cubo4/c,87036Rende,ItalybDepartmentDi.B.E.S.T.(Biologia,Ecologia,ScienzedellaTerra),UnitofPhysiology,UniversityofCalabria,Cubo4/c,87036Rende,ItalycResearchInstituteonMembraneTechnology,UnitofZeoliteMembranes,ITM-CNR,UniversityofCalabria,Cubo17/c,87036Rende,ItalyabstractarticleinfoArticlehistory:Received2April2016Receivedinrevisedform28June2016Accepted27July2016Availableonline30July2016Novelpureandhybridzeolitemembraneswerepreparedwithappropriatedifferentphysicochemicalcharacter-isticssuchasframeworks,hydrophilicity,crystalsize,chemicalcomposition,acid-baseproperties(PointofZeroCharge,PZC)andsurfacemorphologyandusedininorganiccell/scaffoldconstructs.Becausethecontrolofcellinteractions,astheadhesion,proliferation,remodellingandmobility,isimportantfordifferentiationandpro-gressionoftumors,thisworkfocusedonresponseofcancercellsadheredandgrownonsynthesizedzeolitesur-facesinordertostudytheinfluenceofthesescaffoldsincontrolledconditions.WehaveselectedtheMCF-7andMDA-MB-231humanbreastcancercelllineasmodeltumorcelllines.Thisstudyshowedthatallthezeolitemembranessynthesizedareexcellentscaffoldsbecausetheyareveryselectivematerialstosupporttheadhesionandgrowthofneoplasticcells.AllzeolitescaffoldswerecharacterizedbyFESEM,FTIRATR,XRD,AFM,PZCandcontactangleanalyses.Celladhesion,viabilityandmorphologyweremeasuredbycount,MTTassayandFESEMmicrophotographyanalysis,atvariousincubationtimes.©2016PublishedbyElsevierB.V.Keywords:PureZeoliteMembranesMixedMatrixMembranesPointofZeroChargeScaffoldsHumanbreastcancercellCelladhesion1.IntroductionBiomaterialsscienceinvolvesthedesignandfabricationofnanomaterialsforstudying,directing,ormimickingbiology.Theabilityofcellstorecognizeandinteractwiththesubstrateisthefirstessentialstep,withoutwhichprocessessuchasadhesion,proliferation,migra-tion,celldifferentiationandcarrying,whichpresupposecontinuousex-changesofionsandmoleculesamongcellandsupport,wouldnotbepossible[1,2].Therefore,thepossibilityofmodifyingandcontrollingsurfacepropertiesatthemicro/nanolevelconstitutesoneofthemajorbreakthroughs,becauseitopensawholenewrangeofstrategiesseek-ingthedesiredinteractionwiththebiologicalenvironment.Inordertoprepareanewgenerationofbiomaterialswithenhancedpropertiesadifferentapproachneedstoberesearched,basedonamorefunda-mentalunderstandingofthewayinwhichthestructureofabiomaterialcontrolsitsbiologicalactivity.Thechemicalpropertiesinfluencethesurfacepropertiesofamaterialand,consequently,cellbehavior[3].Whencellsareexposedtoasuitablescaffold,alayerofproteinsisadsorbedonthescaffoldsurfacewithinafewmilliseconds.Thuscells“see”thelayerofadsorbedproteinsratherthantheactualabioticsur-face.Thechemistryofthesurfaceofascaffoldcanbedevelopedinordertocontroltheadsorptionofproteins,whichinturncontrolscelladhesion.Accordingtothehopedforresult,thechemicalcharacteristicsofthesurfaceofamaterialcanbemodifiedtomodulatetheinteractionsofcellsadherenttothesubstrate,withconsequentinfluenceonmor-phology,migration,differentiation,proliferationandcellapoptosis.Theeffectoncellbehaviorstartsatthepointofinteraction.Further-more,theconformationofthesurfacechemistryalsoaffectsthewayproteinsareimmobilizedandtheadsorptionoftheseonthesurface.Forexample,polymericsubstrateswithgreaterhydrophobicitypro-motegreaterosteogenesisinvivo.Thehydrophobicityofthebiomateri-alinfact,mostlikely,isadesigncriterionimportantforpolymerscaffoldsthatshouldpromotethehealingofbonedefects[4].However,itiswell-knownthatthedrivingforceforthedeploymentofproteinsonasurfacechargeistheionicandnotthehydrophobicin-teraction,becausethesurfacechargeofabiomaterialaffectsadsorptionanddeploymentofproteinsonitssurfaceandwehavejustreportedtheMaterialsScienceandEngineeringC69(2016)894–904⁎Correspondingauthor.E-mailaddress:[e-mail](P.Tavolaro).1Theseauthorscontributedequallytothiswork.©2016PublishedbyElsevierB.V.ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectMaterialsScienceandEngineeringCjournalhomepage:[5,6].Startingfromthisassumptionourresearchwasdirectedtotheiden-tificationofaninnovativeandadvancedbiomaterialthatallowsthestudyinauditablemechanismsofbehavioroftwodifferenthumancan-cercelllines(withdifferentgrowthrates,responsetohormonesandgrowthfactors,invasiveness)whichrecognize,adhereandgrowonsyntheticbiocompatiblescaffolds.Biomaterialstouseasscaffoldscanbedividedintothreemaintypesbasedontheresponsethatgeneratedinthehosttissue:aninertmate-rial,whichdoesnotprovokearesponseinthetissue(namelyfirstgen-erationbiomaterial),abioactivematerial,w