FabricationofMetalOrganicFrameworkDerivedNan

SpringerThesesRecognizingOutstandingPh.D.ResearchFabricationofMetal–OrganicFrameworkDerivedNanomaterialsandTheirElectrochemicalApplicationsWeiXiaSpringerThesesRecognizingOutstandingPh.D.ResearchAimsandScopeTheseries“SpringerTheses”bringstogetheraselectionoftheverybestPh.D.thesesfromaroundtheworldandacrossthephysicalsciences.Nominatedandendorsedbytworecognizedspecialists,eachpublishedvolumehasbeenselectedforitsscientificexcellenceandthehighimpactofitscontentsforthepertinentfieldofresearch.Forgreateraccessibilitytonon-specialists,thepublishedversionsincludeanextendedintroduction,aswellasaforewordbythestudent’ssupervisorexplainingthespecialrelevanceoftheworkforthefield.Asawhole,theserieswillprovideavaluableresourcebothfornewcomerstotheresearchfieldsdescribed,andforotherscientistsseekingdetailedbackgroundinformationonspecialquestions.Finally,itprovidesanaccrediteddocumentationofthevaluablecontributionsmadebytoday’syoungergenerationofscientists.Thesesareacceptedintotheseriesbyinvitednominationonlyandmustfulfillallofthefollowingcriteria�TheymustbewritteningoodEnglish.�ThetopicshouldfallwithintheconfinesofChemistry,Physics,EarthSciences,EngineeringandrelatedinterdisciplinaryfieldssuchasMaterials,Nanoscience,ChemicalEngineering,ComplexSystemsandBiophysics.�Theworkreportedinthethesismustrepresentasignificantscientificadvance.�Ifthethesisincludespreviouslypublishedmaterial,permissiontoreproducethismustbegainedfromtherespectivecopyrightholder.�Theymusthavebeenexaminedandpassedduringthe12monthspriortonomination.�Eachthesisshouldincludeaforewordbythesupervisoroutliningthesignifi-canceofitscontent.�Thethesesshouldhaveaclearlydefinedstructureincludinganintroductionaccessibletoscientistsnotexpertinthatparticularfield.Moreinformationaboutthisseriesat–OrganicFrameworkDerivedNanomaterialsandTheirElectrochemicalApplicationsDoctoralThesisacceptedbythePekingUniversity,Beijing,China123AuthorDr.WeiXiaDepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,CollegeofEngineeringPekingUniversityBeijingChinaSupervisorProf.RuqiangZouDepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,CollegeofEngineeringPekingUniversityBeijingChinaISSN2190-5053ISSN2190-5061(electronic)SpringerThesesISBN978-981-10-6810-2ISBN978-981-10-6811-9(eBook):2018934391©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.Printedonacid-freepaperThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.partofSpringerNatureTheregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721,SingaporeSupervisor’sForewordIwouldliketorecommendDr.WeiXia’sresearchworktobepublishedintheseriesofSpringerTheses,whichismainlyaboutthedesignandsynthesisofnanostructuredmaterialsfromanewstrategy—metal–organicframeworkrouteandin-depthanalysisoftherelationshipbetweenmaterialtextureandelectrochemicalbehaviorinenergystorageandconversion.Metal–organicframeworks(MOFs)representoneofthebestexamplesofmaterialsfrommolecularengineering.GreateffortshavebeendevotedtothestructuraldesignandapplicationsofMOFs.Morerecently,fabricatingMOF-derivednanostructuresforelectrochemicalapplicationsemergesasanewresearchareainMOFfieldandgrowsrapidly,whichhasalsodemonstratedhugeimpactonLi-ionbatteries,supercapacitors,andfuelcellsresearches.ThenewstrategystandsoutbecauseoftheuniquepropertiesofMOF-derivedmaterialssuchashighsurfaceareas,highdegreeofporosity,homogeneousdistributionofnanopores,andin-situheteroatomdoping,whichcouldcontributetothesuperiorelectrochemicalperformancethanmaterialspreparedfromconventionalmethods.Inthisthesis,Dr.WeiXiafirstpresentssystematicalsummaryonMOFs,includingtheircomposition,structure,property,synthesis,andapplications.HealsointroducesthedesignandpreparationofMOF-derivednanomaterialsandtherelatedelectrochemicalapplications.Itisbeneficialforaclearunderstandingforreaderscomingfromwiderscientificcommunity.Inthefollowingsections,Dr.WeiXiaprovidesaseriesoforiginalrese