H

Haber,Fritz321●HHH-cell—isadividedelectrochemicalcell,namedaf-teritssimilaritywithletterH.Itprincipallyconsistsoftwocompartments,connectedthroughadiaphragm.AmodificationorspecialH-typedesignistheLin-ganecell[i],developedforusewithmercuryelectrodeswithinathree-electrodesetup.GlassH-cellsarecom-merciallyavailable,butmayneverthelessbeeasilycon-structedinalaboratory,asshowninthefigure[ii].H-cell—FigureWithminormodifications,thesetupcanalsobeusedwithasolidworkingelectrode,orfornonaqueouselec-trolytesolutions.H-cellswithsolidplaneparallelelec-trodesofthesameareaarefrequentlyutilizedforworkinanhydrousmedia,alsosincetheyprovideauniformcurrentdistribution.Asmalldistancebetweentheelec-trodes,notonlyforthiscelldesign,makesthemsuitableforworkinmediaoflowelectricalconductivity.Thecelldesigncanbeusedforelectrolysisinliquidammonia,ifaconnectionbetweentheanodeandcathodecompart-mentabovethesolutionlevelisensured,toequilibratethepressureinthesystem[iii].Refs.:[i]LinganeJJ,GardnerSwainC,FieldsM()JAmChemSoc:;[ii]LundH()Practicalproblemsinelectrolysis.In:LundH,HammerichO(eds)Organicelectrochemistry,thedn.MarcelDekker,NewYork,pp–;[iii]SmithWH,BardAJ()JAmChemSoc:MHerHaber,Fritz(©TheNobelFoundation)(Dec.,,Breslau,Silesia,Germany,nowWrocław,Poland–Jan.,,Basel,Switzerland).Haberhascontroversialfame:heisprimarilyknownforthede-velopmentofamethodofsynthesizingammonia(No-belPrizeinChemistry,)[i–iii]andforthedevelop-mentofpoisoninggasusedintheWorldWarI[iv].Heworkedsuccessfullyinmanydifferentareasofchemistryandchemicaltechnology.Evenhisfailureatobtaininggoldfromseawateractuallypavedthewayfortheextrac-tionofbrominefromtheocean.Inelectrochemistry,hestudiedthenatureofthequinone-hydroquinoneredoxsystem,devisedaglasselectrodetomeasurehydro-genionconcentrationbymeansoftheelectricpotential(pH-electrode)(togetherwithKlemensiewicz)[v]anddesignedfuelcells.Haberpublishedabookonthethe-oreticalbasisoftechnicalelectrochemistry[vi].SeealsoBeutner,andLuggin.Refs.:[i]FarberE()Greatchemists.IntersciencePublishers,NewYork;[ii]GoranM()ThestoryofFritzHaber.UniversityofOkla-homaPress,Norman;[iii]McBrydeWAE()In:JamesLK(ed)No-bellaureatesinchemistry–.AmericanChemicalSociety,NewYork,pp–;[iv]HaberLF()Thepoisoncloud.ClarendonPress,Oxford;[v]HaberF,KlemensiewiczZ()ZphysChem:;[vi]HaberF()GrundrissderTechnischenElektrochemieauftheo-retischerGrundlage.Oldenbourg,MünchenEK322Hackerman,Norman●HHackerman,Norman(Mar.,,Baltimore,Maryland,USA,–June,,Austin,Texas,USA),Hackermanreceivedbothhisbac-calaureate()anddoctoral()degreesinchem-istryatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Heheldassistantpro-fessorshipsatLoyolaCollegeinMaryland(–)andattheVirginiaPolytechnicInstitute(–),aswellaspositionswithColloidCorporationandKellexCorpora-tion.DuringtheperiodofWorldWarII,healsoservedwiththeU.S.CoastGuardandtheManhattanProject.InhemovedtoTexastoacceptateachingpositionatTheUniversityofTexasinAustin(UT)andremainedinTexasfortherestofhislife.HackermanquicklyrosethroughtheacademicranksatUTandservedaschairmanofthechemistrydepart-ment(–),deanofresearchandsponsoredpro-grams(–),vicepresidentandprovost(),vicechancellorofacademicaffairs(–),anduniversitypresident(–).In,hejoinedthefacultyofRiceUniversityasaprofessorofchemistryandpresidentoftheuniversity,holdingbothappointmentsuntilhisre-tirementin.BeginninginandcontinuinguntilHackermanchairedtheScientificAdvisoryBoardoftheRobertA.WelchFoundation,whichhadalargeimpactonfundamentalchemicalresearchinthestateofTexas.Hackermanwasaleaderinthefieldofcorrosion,passivity,andsurfacechemistryatelectrodesandmetals.Hewasespeciallyactiveinthefieldofcor-rosioninhibitorsandestablishingamolecularbasisfortheiraction.Hackermanpromotedscienceatthefed-eralandstatelevelsthroughmanyactivities,suchastheNationalScienceBoard(–;chair–).HewasalsoactiveintheElectrochemicalSociety,servingaspresident(–)andeditoroftheJournaloftheElec-trochemicalSociety(–).Hewaselectedtomem-bershipinanumberofsocieties,includingtheNationalAcademyofSciences(),theAmericanPhilosophi-calSociety(),andtheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences().Hereceivednumerousawards,in-cludingthePalladiumMedalfromtheElectrochemicalSocietyin,theGoldMedaloftheAmericanInsti-tuteofChemistsin,theCharlesLathropParsonsAwardfromtheAmericanChemicalSocietyin,andtheNationalMedalofSciencein.Heremainedactive,asaprofessoremeritusfrombothUTandRice,inbothteachingandresearchactivitiesun-tilhisdeath.Ref.:[i]UhligHH()JElectrochemSoc:CAJBHäggdiagramlogc–pHdiagramsHagen–Poiseuilleequation—predictsthelaminarflowofanincompressibleanduniformviscousliquid(New-tonianfluid)throughacylindricalpipeofconstantcross-section.TherateofmovementofaliquidvolumeV,duringatimet,maybepredictedusing:dVdt=πrηΔpl,whereristheinternalradiusofthetube,Δpthepressuredrop,ηthedynamicfluidviscosity,andlthecharac-teristiclengthalongthepipe.Tubularflowcellgeome-triesha