Integrationofwaterquantityandqualityin

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ProcediaEnvironmentalSciences13(2012)1535–15521878-0296©2011PublishedbyElsevierB.V.Selectionand/orpeer-reviewunderresponsibilityofSchoolofEnvironment,BeijingNormalUniversity.doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.146Availableonlineat(2011)1562–1579SchoolofEnvironment,BeijingNormalUniversity,Beijing100875,ChinaStateKeyLaboratoryofWaterEnvironmentSimulation,Beijing100875,ChinaAbstractHydrologicalregimeisadrivingfactorinwetlandecosystems.Itsexcessivealterationwillleadtoseveredegradationofwetlands.Assessmentofenvironmentalflowsisessentialforwetlandprotection,recovery,andrestoration.Inordertosolvetheexistingproblemsoftraditionalmethods,suchasrarelyconsideringwaterqualityandecosystemstatus,anewmethodwasdevelopedtoassesstheenvironmentalflowsofwetlandthatwillreflectthesynergisticeffectofwaterqualityandquantityonecosystems.TheproposedmethodwasappliedtotheBaiyangdianwetland,thelargestshallowlakeandwetlandcomplexintheNorthChinaPlain.Themainstepsareasfollows:1)Basedonthemaximumdistanceclusterresultsofwaterqualitydataandorganismdata,theBaiyangdianwetlandwasdividedintofiveregions.ThekeyspeciesweredistinguishedbyaseriesofsimulatedremovalexperimentsusingtheEcosimmodel.2)IntegratingthetypicalmonthlyaveragewaterlevelandthesurfacewaterqualitystandardsofClassesⅢ,Ⅳ,andⅤ,21integratedscenariosweredesigned.Aquatoxmodelwasappliedtoanalyzetheresponseofphytoplankton,zooplankton,zoobenthosunderdifferentcircumstancesofwaterlevels,NH3,NO3-,PO43-,BOD5andotherenvironmentalfactors,illustratingthetemporalandspacialdistributionofbiomass,thestatusofstructureandfunctionsofecosystemunderthesynergisticeffectofwaterqualityandquantityscenarios.3)Basedonthevariationtrendofassessmentindicatorssuchastotalprimaryproduction/totalrespiration,totalbiomass/totalproduction,biomassofzooplankton/biomassofphytoplanktonindifferentregions,andtheweightingfactorsforeachregion,finallyweconcludedthat6.70mcanserveastheminimumecologicalwaterlevelinBaiyangdian,and7.19-9.55mcanserveastherangeofappropriateecologicalwaterlevels.Theseecologicalwaterlevelresultscanguaranteethestabilityoftheecosystemstructureandbalancewithouthavingthereversesuccession,whichalsohasanecologicalsignificance.©2011PublishedbyElsevierLtd.Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+86-10-58807596;Fax:86-10-58800397E-mailaddress:zfyang@bnu.edu.cn.©2011PublishedbyElsevierB.V.Selectionand/orpeer-reviewunderresponsibilityofSchoolofEnvironment,BeijingNormalUniversity.1536Y.Yangetal./ProcediaEnvironmentalSciences13(2012)1535–1552Y.Yangetal./ProcediaEnvironmentalSciences8(2011)1562–15791563Keywords:ecologicalwaterlevel;waterquality;ecosystemstatus;Baiyangdianwetland1.IntroductionWaterregimeisadrivingforcetosustainhealthandintegrityofanecosystem[1,2],butinrecentdecades,withrapideconomicdevelopment,watershortageandwaterqualitydeteriorationhaveseriouslyinfluencedaquaticecosystems.Thissituationhasattractedmoreandmoreattentionofscientists,government,andthegeneralpublic,andthescienceofenvironmentalflowassessmenthasbeenestablishedsincethe1990s[3-6].Assessmentofenvironmentalflowisthebasisfromwhichtosolvetheecologicalproblemscausedbywatershortageandpollution,andtheassessmentcanalsoprovideascientificguideforwatermanagement,regulation,andconfiguration.Becauseofthespecificstructureandfunctioncharacteristicsofwetlands,environmentalflowassessmentshavebeenconcernedwithinfluenceofwaterlevelfluctuationandsurfaceareachangesonhabitatandbiomass.Commonmethodsofstudyingwetlandenvironmentalflowcanbedividedintothefollowingcategoriesaccordingtotheirdifferentpointsoffocus:(1)Studiesfocusonmaintaininghydrologicalcharacteristics.Thiskindofmethodattemptstorestorethehydrologicalsituationtoitsstatuspriortothedisturbance.EcologicaldataandfieldsurveyworkarescarceinChina’srecenthistory,sothistypeofmethodhasbeenusedwidely.Thismethodincludesthewaterbalancemethod[7],theperiodofwaterexchangemethod[7],thenaturalwaterleveldatastatisticsmethod[8],theanalysisoftheaveragelowestannualwaterlevelmethod,aswellastheannualguaranteedratemethod[9].Althoughthesehydrologicalmethodsaresimpleandusedwidely,theylackaconnectionwiththeecosystem’sstatus,andtheassessmentresultsaretooroughandfarfrommodernpractice.(2)Studiesbasedonthebiologicalindicator’sresponsetochangesinthehydrologicalregime.BairdandWilby[10]analyzedthecorrelationbetweenplantandhydrologicalprocessesindetail,emphasizingthatwaterregimesplayanimportantroleinnaturalenvironmentalrecovery.Visseretal.[11]analyzedfivedifferenttypesofvegetationdataduring1968-1992inTerrebonneParish’stidalmarshes,andtheresultsshowedthatbothwaterlevelandwaterqualitywerethemostimportantfactorsinvegetationchanges.Blanchetal.[12]discoveredthattheabundanceof26kindsofplantsinAustralia’sMurrayRiverwererelatedtothefrequencyofflooding.Mawhinney[13]arrivedattheconclusionthattherewasasig

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