IntroductiontoEnvironmentalAnalysisWiley2002

IntroductiontoEnvironmentalAnalysisRogerReeveCopyright2002JohnWiley&SonsLtdISBNs:0-471-49294-9(Hardback);0-470-84578-3(Electronic)INTRODUCTIONTOENVIRONMENTALANALYSISAnalyticalTechniquesintheSciences(AnTS)SeriesEditor:DavidJ.Ando,Consultant,Dartford,Kent,UKAseriesofopenlearning/distancelearningbookswhichcoversallofthemajoranalyticaltechniquesandtheirapplicationinthemostimportantareasofphysical,lifeandmaterialssciences.TitlesAvailableintheSeriesAnalyticalInstrumentation:PerformanceCharacteristicsandQualityGrahamCurrell,UniversityoftheWestofEngland,Bristol,UKFundamentalsofElectroanalyticalChemistryPaulM.S.Monk,ManchesterMetropolitanUniversity,Manchester,UKIntroductiontoEnvironmentalAnalysisRogerN.Reeve,UniversityofSunderland,UKForthcomingTitlesPolymerAnalysisBarbaraH.Stuart,UniversityofTechnology,Sydney,AustraliaChemicalSensorsandBiosensorsBrainR.Eggins,UniversityofUlsteratJordanstown,NorthernIreland,UKAnalysisofControlledSubstancesMichaelD.Cole,AngliaPolytechnicUniversity,Cambridge,UKINTRODUCTIONTOENVIRONMENTALANALYSISRogerN.ReeveUniversityofSunderland,UKCopyright2002UniversityofSunderlandPublishedin2002byJohnWiley&Sons,LtdBaffinsLane,Chichester,WestSussex,PO191UD,EnglandNational01243779777International([phone]e-mail(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[e-mail]ficallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,fortheexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthepublication.OtherWileyEditorialOfficesJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,605ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10158-0012,USAWiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Pappelallee3,D-69469Weinheim,GermanyJohnWiley&SonsAustralia,Ltd33ParkRoad,Milton,Queensland4064,AustraliaJohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809JohnWiley&Sons(Canada)Ltd,22WorcesterRoad,Rexdale,OntarioM9W1L1,CanadaLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataReeve,RogerN.Introductiontoenvironmentalanalysis/RogerN.Reeve.p.cm.–(Analyticaltechniquesinthesciences)Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-471-49294-9(cloth:alk.paper)–ISBN0-471-49295-7(pbk.:alk.paper)1.Pollutants–Analysis.2.Environmentalchemistry.3.Chemistry,Analytic.I.Title.II.Series.TD193.R44342001628.5–dc212001026255BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryISBN0-471-49294-9(Cloth)ISBN0-471-49295-7(Paper)Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyLaserWords,(India)Ltd.PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire.Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestryinwhichatleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction.ToRose–mywife,companionandfriendContentsSeriesPrefacexiiiPrefacexvAcronyms,AbbreviationsandSymbolsxixAbouttheAuthorxxiii1Introduction11.1TheEnvironment11.2ReasonsforConcern21.2.1Today’sWorld41.2.2PastandCurrentCrimes41.3Pollution41.4TheNecessityofChemicalAnalysis82TransportofPollutantsintheEnvironmentandApproachestotheirAnalysis112.1Introduction112.2Sources,Dispersal,ReconcentrationandDegradation122.3TransportandReconcentrationofNeutralOrganicCompounds152.3.1Bioconcentration162.3.2AccumulationinSediments172.3.3Biomagnification182.3.4Degradation192.4TransportandReconcentrationofMetalIons202.4.1Solubilization22viiiIntroductiontoEnvironmentalAnalysis2.4.2DepositioninSediments222.4.3UptakebyOrganisms222.5WhatisaSafeLevel?232.6SamplingandSampleVariability242.6.1RepresentativeSamples242.6.2SampleStorage252.6.3CriticalPathsandCriticalGroups262.7GeneralApproachtoAnalysis262.8TheChoiceofLaboratoryorFieldAnalysis282.9QualityAssurance302.9.1FindingaSuitableMethod322.9.2LaboratoryStandards333WaterAnalysis–MajorConstituents353.1Introduction353.2Sampling413.3MeasurementofWaterQuality463.3.1SuspendedSolids463.3.2DissolvedOxygenandOxygenDemand473.3.3TotalOrganicCarbon543.3.4pH,AcidityandAlkalinity553.3.5WaterHardness573.3.6ElectricalConductivity593.4TechniquesfortheAnalysisofCommonIons613.4.1UltravioletandVisibleSpectrometry613.4.2EmissionSpectrometry(FlamePhotometry)683.4.3IonChromatography693.4.4ExamplesoftheUseofOtherTechniques734WaterAnalysis–TracePollutants774.1Introduction774.2OrganicTracePollutants784.2.1GuidelinesforStorageofSamplesandtheirSubsequentAnalysis804.2.2ExtractionTechniquesforChromatographicAnalysis814.2.3GasChromatography884.2.4LiquidChromatography1014.2.5Immunoassay1054.2.6SpectrometricMethods1104.3MetalIons1124.3.1StorageofSamplesforMetalIonAnalysis1124.3.2Pretreatment113Contentsix4.3.3AtomicSpectrometry1144.3.4VisibleSpectrometry1244.3.5AnodicStrippingVoltammetry1254.3.6LiquidChromatography1284.3.7M