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Kaishev(Kaischew),RostislavAtanasov379●KKKabanov,BorisNikolaevich(May,,Moscow,Russia–Aug.,,NikolinaGora,Moscowregion,USSR,nowRussia)graduatedfromtheChemistryFacultyoftheMoscowStateUni-versityin;workedattheKarpovInstituteofPhysi-calChemistry,theInstituteofPhysicalChemistryoftheSovietAcademyofSciences,andlaterattheFrumkinInstituteofElectrochemistry.Kabanovcontributedtomanyfundamentalareasofelectrochemistry,includingtheanalysisofvariousinterfacialprocessesatsolidandliquidelectrodes,anodicdissolutionandpassivationofmetals,corrosion,electrochemicalmachining,andelectrodereactionsinchemicalpowersources.Hestudiedthephenomenonofelectrochemicalincorpo-rationofalkalinemetalsformingchemicalcompoundswithcathodematerialsviaasingle-stageelectrochem-icalreaction.Thisphenomenon,understoodpresentlyinframeworkoftheinsertionelectrochemistrycon-cepts,issometimesconsideredashavingbothdistinc-tiveandcommonfeatureswithrespecttounderpoten-tialdepositionandintercalationprocesses.Kabanovcontributedalsointhedeterminationofzero-chargepo-tential(pointofzerocharge)ofvarioussolidelec-trodes,analysisofhydrogenovervoltageatveryhighcurrentdensities,developmentsoflead–acidandsilver-zincbatteries.Refs.:[i]KabanovBN()Electrokhimiyametalloviadsorbt-siya(Theelectrochemistryofmetalsandtheadsorption).Nauka,Moscow;[ii]FrumkinAN,BagotskyVS,IofaZA,KabanovBN()Kinetikaelektrodnykhprotsessov(Kineticsofelectrodeprocesses).MoscowStateUniversityPubl.,Moscow;[iii]DavydovAD,PleskovYuV,GrafovBM,LeikisDI()RussJElectrochem:VKKaishev(Kaischew),RostislavAtanasov(Feb.,,SanktPetersburg,Russia–Nov.,,Sofia,Bulgaria)KaishevwasborninRussiawherehisfatherwasatthattimeattheRussianGeneralStaffAcademy.HegraduatedwithadiplomainchemistryfromSofiaUniversityin.AsaHumboldtfellowhewasinGermany(BerlinandBreslau)andobtainedhisPh.D.degreefromTechnischeHochschulezuBreslauunderthesupervisionofFranzSimon(–)in[i,ii].HestartedtoworkattheChemicalFacultyofSofiaUniversitywherehebecameaprofessorandtheheadoftheDepartmentofPhysicalChemistry,in.Kai-shevfoundedtheInstituteofPhysicalChemistryoftheBulgarianAcademyofSciencesin,andhelpedtoes-tablishtheCentralLaboratoryofElectrochemicalPowerSources[i].KaishevstartedtocollaboratewithStran-skiinBerlinin[iii]andbecamehisassistantinSofiain.Theylaidthefundamentalsofthecrystalgrowththeory.Theyproposedthefirstkinetictheoryofthetwo-dimensionalnucleationandgrowth.Thespi-raltypegrowthduringelectrocrystallizationwasfirstobservedbyKaishevonsilver[iii].Onthehistoryofthecreationofthemolecular-kinetictheoryofcrystalgrowthsee[iv].Refs.:[i]MilchevA,StoyanovS()AcademicianRostislavKaishev–alifededicatedtoscience.AcademicPublisher‘MarinDrinov’,Sofia,(inBulgarian);[ii]KaischewR()ThermischeUntersuchungenamfestenundflüssigenHelium(Thermalstudiesofsolidandliquidhelium).PhDthesis,THBreslau;[ii]StranskiIN,KaishevR()ZKristallogr:;[iii]KaischewR,BudevskiE,MalinowskiJ()ZphysChem:[iv]KaischewR()JCrystGrowth:GI380Kalousek,Mirko●KKalousek,Mirko(June,,Nakhchivan,RussianEmpire,nowNaxci-vanAutonomousRepublic(partofAzerbaijan)–Aug.,,Prague,CzechRepublic)KalousekwasanassistantofHeyrovskýwithwhomhemadehisPh.D.KalousekhabilitatedinPhysicalChemistryonMay,,andbe-cameProfessorofPhysicalChemistryatCharlesUni-versity,Prague,onMarch,.Kalousekinventedaningeniousglasscellforperfomingpolarography:Itsmainfeaturewasthatareferenceelectrodeservingascounterelectrode,wasseparatedfromthepolaro-graphiccellbyanelectrolytebridgeusingaglasscock(seeFig.).Inhisdissertationinhedealtwiththetopicofreversibilityofpolarographicreactionsinre-ductionsofvariousmetallicions[i]andinoxidationsofdiluteamalgams[ii],whichinspiredhimtoconstructKalousek,Mirko—Figure.PolarographiccelldesignedbyM.Kalousekanelectrochemicalcommutator[iii]thatbearshisname(Kalousekcommutator).Refs.:[i]KalousekM()CollCzechChemCommun:;[ii]KalousekM()ChemListy:(CA,);[iii]KalousekM()CollCzechChemCommun:FS,MHeyKalousekcommutator—InMirkoKalousekconstructedaninstrumentwitharotatingcommutatorthatswitchedthepotentialofthedroppingmercuryelectrodebetweentwovoltagelevelswithaconstantfre-quency[i].Atthelowerlevelthereactantwasreducedandatthehigherleveltheproductofreductionwasox-idized.Theswitchingratewasfivecyclespersecond,andthecurrentwasrecordedduringthehigherpoten-tialhalf-cycles.Themethodwasdevelopedtostudythereversibilityofelectrodereactionsandtoinvestigateelectroactivityandotherpropertiesofintermediates.Kalousekdevisedthreemethodsforprogrammingthevoltagesappliedtothedroppingmercuryelectrode[ii].ThesemethodshavebeendesignatedastypesI,II,andIII.TypeIpolarogramswererecordedbysuperimpos-ingalow-amplitudesquare-wave(–mV)ontotherampvoltageofconventionalpolarography.There-sponsewasabell-shapedcurrent-voltagecurvesimilartothebackwardcomponentofthemodernsquare-wavevoltammogram.IntypeIIthelowerpotentiallevelwasconstantandwellintothelimitingcurrentre-gionandthevoltagewasa