ResearchProgressofEcologicalRestorationforWetlands

ProcediaEnvironmentalSciences10(2011)1933–19381878-0296©2011PublishedbyElsevierLtd.Selectionand/orpeer-reviewunderresponsibilityofConferenceESIAT2011OrganizationCommittee.doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.303Availableonlineat(2011)000–000*,FangWanga,RusongWangbaA-1FuxingRoad,HaidianDistrict,Beijing,China,100038bNo.18ShuangqingRoad,HaidianDistrict,Beijing,China,[e-mail]tagesofthethreemaintechnologiesandtargetsofwetlandrestorationincoalmineareasincludingwastewatertreatment,landscapeandecosystemestablishmentandfishfarmingweresummarizedinthearticle.Byusingflyashasmatrix,assemblingphytoplanktonandalgaeandcontrollinghydraulicconditions,constructedwetlandsforwastewatertreatmentwerebuiltbasedonabsorptionbyplantsandbiochemicaleffectsbymicroorganismtotreatacridwaterwithheavymentalconcentration.Landscapeandecosystemrestorationshouldtakeaccountofregionalcharacteristicstobuildwetlandparksandintegratedecosystemforbothlandscapeandprotectionandrestorationofbiodiversity.Fishfarmingshouldbebuiltbasedonappropriatewaterqualityandtaketestsonselectedfishspeciestoassessfeasibilityandeconomicbenefitsincoalmineareas.©2011PublishedbyElsevierLtd.Selectionand/orpeer-reviewunderresponsibilityof[nameorganizer]Keywords:wetlandsincoalminearea,ecologicalrestoration,wastewatertreatment,landscapeandecosystemestablishment,fishfarming1.IntroductionCoalminingcangeneratenewwetlandsbysubsidenceanddestroyexistingones.Waterinputsofnewwetlandsinsubsidenceareaincludeaccumulatedrainfall,exposedgroundwaterandcoalminedrainage.Affectedbycoalganguesolution,coaldressingwater,coalminedrainage,closedwaterenvironmentandalterationofhydrologicalcycleofexistingwetlands,wetlandsinsubsidenceareaarealwayscharacterizedbyheavywaterpollution.TheyareregisteredaslowPHvalues,highconcentrationofSulfurandIron[i].Theselfdegradationcapacityislowforlowhydrologicalcyclespeed.SewageincoalmineareaanddisorderdevelopmentofaquaculturewhichcausedhighN,P,SS,organicpollutantsandpathogensareotherproblems.©2011PublishedbyElsevierLtd.Selectionand/orpeer-reviewunderresponsibilityofConferenceESIAT2011OrganizationCommittee.1934QiuxiaZhangetal./ProcediaEnvironmentalSciences10(2011)1933–19382QiuxiaZhang/ProcediaEnvironmentalSciences00(2011)000–000Mostwetlandsincoalmineareaformedinrecentyearsareyoungones,withpoorconnectivitywiththenaturalsurfacewatercyclesystem.Therearelittleorganismsandthestableecosystemshavenotformed.Thepollutionofwetlandsalsoaffectslivesofanimalsandvegetations.Battyetal.[ii]hasstudiedthenumberofspeciesinnaturalwaterandaridwaterofwetlandsincoalmineareasandanalyzedthesimplicityandweaknessoftheecosystembyinvestigatinginfluencesofPHvalueandmetalconcentrationtoinvertebrates.Subsidenceareaswereincreasingabout650hm²eachyearinChina[iii]andcausewetlandsinhumidregion.Inordertomakeuseofsubsidenceareasreasonably,keytechnologiesandrestorationgoalsshouldbestudied.Wetlandrestorationtechnologiesandobjectivesweresummarizedandanalyzedfromwastewatertreatment,landscapeandecosystemestablishmentandfishfarmingasfollows.2.StudyonconstructedwetlandsforpurificationincoalmineareasConsideringhighconcentrationofSulfurandIron,lowPHvalueofwaterinwetlandsincoalmineareas,theconventionaltreatmentapproachesforwastewaterarechemicalsedimentandelectrolysis,ionexchange,membraneseparation,bio-flocculationandbiosorption.Thesetraditionalmethodshavegotprettygoodeffectsbutalwaystakehighcost,complicatedmanagementandcannottreatsewageandminingwatersimultaneously.Constructedwetlandsbasedonnaturalonesincoalmineareastotreatwastewaterhavebeenconsideredinmanycountries.Methodsforwastewatertreatmentwithconstructedwetlandsincoalmineareashavebeendevelopedextensivelyandbecomemorematureinrecentyears.Dorothyetal.[iv]havestudiedattenuationanddielcyclingofcoal-minedrainageconstituentsinapassivetreatmentwetlandofLambertRun,WestVirginiaoftheUSA.Inthetreatmentecosystem,thecoalminedrainagefromportalflowedthroughandadjacenttoanaturalwetlandbeforeenteringLambertRun;minedrainagemixedwithoutputfromasteel-slagleachbedwhichwasusedtotreatdischargefromanearbyfreshwaterpondwithwasteslag;thefreshwatercouldaddalkalinitytothesystem;themixedwaterflowedintothefirstwetlandswithwaterdepthof15-30cmandemergentandlargeplantincludingcattailsandreeds;thenwaterflowedintothesecondwetlandwithwaterdepthof30-60cmandsubmergedalgae;waterfromthesecondwetlandwasdischargedtoLambertRun.TheinvestigatedresultshowedthatPHvalueofdrainageincreased,Na,K,Ca,Mndecreased20%andAl,Fedecreased90%insomesamples.Kimberlyetal.[v]establishedamodeltoassessironloadingratesandeconomicvalueandefficiencyofremoveminingpollutantsofconstructedwetlandsincoalmineareas.ThemodelwasusedinOhio,TennesseeandAlabamaoftheUSA,anditwasconcludedthatthecostofwetlandtreatmentwaslessthanthatofconventionalforironloadingratesbetween20-25g