Solidwastemanagementpracticesandreviewofrecoveryan

SolidwastemanagementpracticesandreviewofrecoveryandrecyclingoperationsinTurkeyE.Metin*,A.Ero¨ztu¨rk,C.NeyimC¸EVKO,EnvironmentalProtectionandPackagingWasteRecovery&RecyclingTrust,CenapS¸ehabettinSokakNo94,Kos¸yolu,Kadıko¨y,81020I.stanbul,TurkeyAccepted2May2003AbstractThispaperprovidesageneraloverviewofsolidwastedataandmanagementpracticesemployedinTurkeyduringthelastdecade.Municipalsolidwastestatisticsandmanagementpracticesincludingwasterecoveryandrecyclinginitiativeshavebeenevaluated.Detaileddataonsolidwastemanagementpracticesincludingcollection,recoveryanddisposal,togetherwiththeresultsofcostanalyses,havebeenpresented.BasedontheseevaluationsbasiccostestimationsoncollectionandsortingofrecyclablesolidwasteinTurkeyhavebeenprovided.TheresultsindicatethatthehouseholdsolidwastegenerationinTurkey,percapita,isaround0.6kg/year,whereasmunicipalsolidwastegenerationiscloseto1kg/year.Themajorconstituentsofmunicipalsolidwasteareorganicinnatureandapproximately1/4ofmunicipalsolidwasteisrecyclable.Separatecollectionprogrammesforrecyclablehouseholdwastebymorethan60municipalities,continuinginexcessof3years,demonstratesolidevidenceforpublicacceptanceandcontinuingsupportfromthecitizens.Opinionpollsindicatethatmorethan80%ofthepopulationintheprojectregionsisreadyandwillingtoparticipateinseparatecollectionprogrammes.TheanalysisofoutputdataoftheMaterialRecoveryFacilitiesshowsthat,althoughpaper,includingcardboard,isthemainconstituent,thecompositionofrecyclablewastevariesstronglybythesourceorthetypeofcollectionpoint.#2003ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.1.IntroductionImplementationofappropriatesolidwastemanage-mentpracticesrequiresreliablewastestatistics.Thedatashouldrepresentasufficientlylongtimeframe(usuallymorethanafewyears),withrelativelyshortmeasurementfrequencies,tobestatisticallyacceptable.Thismanuscriptisaproductofaneffortaimedtoreviewtheexistingdataonsolidwastemanagement(SWM)inTurkey.Since,solidwastemanagementcon-stitutesoneofthemajorMunicipalexpenditures;anadditionalattemptwasmadetoreviewthecostdataofsolidwastemanagementpractices.ThecharacteristicsandcostsformanagingsolidwastealtersfromoneMunicipalapplicationtoanotherandinadditiontodemographicfacts,itisalsoafactorofhowcostandsolidwastetermsaredefined.Therefore,theauthorshavemadeanattempttoconsolidatesomeofthesolidwastedatarepresentingdemographicandsocialfactsofTurkey.Thisstudycanbeassumedasasummaryoflong-standingeffortsinestablishingreliablefiguresonsolidwastecharacteristicsofTurkey.2.SolidwastemanagementinTurkey2.1.SolidwastestatisticsTheStateInstituteofStatistics(SIS)haspublishedoneofthemajorsourcesofinformationinsolidwasteinTurkey.Thisextensiveresearchpublishedin1993,providesvaluabledataoncompositionalvariationsinthehouseholdsolidwasteinTurkey(SIS,1993).Thehouseholdsolidwastedatacollectedfrom57%ofmunicipalities,correspondstoasufficientlylongsam-plingtimeframeandstatisticallyacceptablewastecol-lectionfrequencies.Therefore,almostallscientificpublicationsemanatingfromTurkey,referencethisimportantstudy.Thisparticulardatacoversonlysolidwastegeneratedbyindividualhouseholds.TheSISalsopublished‘‘MunicipalSolidWaste’’statisticsin1994(SIS,1994).Theresultsofthesetwomajorstudiesare0956-053X/03/$-seefrontmatter#2003ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/S0956-053X(03)00070-9WasteManagement23(2003)425–432*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:[phone];fax:[phone].URL:flectsignificantvaria-tioninthecharacteristicsofsolidwaste.Naturalgashasnowbecomethemajorsourceofenergyusedforhouseholdheating,atleastinmajortowns.Therefore,significantalterationsinthehouseholdsolidwastecharacteristicsintherecentyearsshouldbeexpected.Furthermore,thelackofperiodicityinSISstudiesremainstobethemainprobleminobtainingreliablesolidwastedatainTurkey.Therefore,asurveywithmunicipalitiesrepresentingsomemajorlargecitiesandwithmunicipalitiesrepre-sentingagroupofsmall–mediumtownsconstitutingaregionhasbeenconducted.WeciteBursa,I.stanbul,I.zmir,AdanaandMersinasthesourcesofinformationrepresentingmajorcitiesutilizedinthispaper.TheMunicipalityofBursa(anindustrialtownwithapopu-lationoftwomillionpeople)hassuppliedthemostcomprehensiveandextensivedataonsolidwaste,whichcoversmorethanfiveyearsofcontinuousanddetaileddatacollectionprocesswhichconstitutesanimportantreferenceforTurkey(BGCM,2000).Also,someeffortsconductedbyinternationalagenciesinsouthernpartsandmajorcitiesofTurkeymustbereferredtoaswell(IGCM,2000;JICA,2000).AsummaryofthedatagatheredfromthesevariousresourcesarepresentedinTable3.Table3showsthatmajorconstituentsofthemunici-palsolidwaste(MSW)areorganic,whereasrecyclablematerialsconstitutealmost1/3oftotalMSWinbigcities.AnotherextensivemunicipalsolidwastesurveyconductedwithMunicipalAuthorit