Tostudytheperformanceofbiocarriersin

REVIEWSTostudytheperformanceofbiocarriersinmovingbedbiofilmreactor(MBBR)technologyandkineticsofbiofilmforretrofittingtheexistingaerobictreatmentsystems:areviewAnjaliBarwal•RubinaChaudharyPublishedonline:9April2014SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2014AbstractMovingbedbiofilmreactor(MBBR)incorporatesbenefitsprovidedbybothattachedandsuspendedgrowthsystems.Itisanadvancedhighratewastewatertreatmenttechnologywithhightreatmentefficiency;lowcapital,operational,maintenanceandreplacementcost;singlereliableandrobustoperationprocedure.Moreover,thistechnologyisapplicabletowiderangeofwastewaterflowsrangingfrom10,000to150,000m3day-1.TheMBBRhasprovedtobeeffectiveinremovingupto90%chemicaloxygendemandand95%biochemicaloxygendemandwithnutrientsfromtheeffluentstreamatoptimumcondi-tion,providedthereissufficientretentiontime.Itisacost-effectivewayofupgradingexistingwastewatertreatmentsystemasitisefficient,compactandeasytooperate.Thisprocesscanbeprovidedfornewsewagetreatmentworksorforretrofittingexistingwastewatertreatmentplantswhereahighertreatedeffluentstandardisrequiredwithoutanyrunningandcapitalcost.TheperformanceofMBBRdependsonthepercentofmediaprovidedinthereactor,surfaceareaofthebiocarrier,dissolvedoxygenandtheorganicloading.Variousmathematicalmodelsarealsodescribedinthisreviewpaperwhichisgenerallyusedtocalculatethereactorvolume,effluentorganicconcentrationandsubstrateremovalrate.KeywordsMovingbedbiofilmreactorsBiocarriersBiofilmsKineticparametersBiofilmmodelsOtherbiocarriers1IntroductionAround85%oftheworldpopulationlivesinthedriesthalfoftheplanet.783millionpeopledonothaveaccesstocleanwaterandalmost2.5billiondonothaveaccesstoadequatesanitation(UNWaterWorldWaterDay2013).Bytheyear2025,itisexpectedthat60%oftheworldpopulationwilllivewithwaterscarcityifwaterconsumptionsremainatthesamecurrentlevel(Judd2006).Itisexpectedthatwithfurtherdevelopmentofhumansociety,theneedforfreshwaterwillkeepincreasing.Morethan90%ofavailablefreshwaterresourceswillbeconsumedinthenext15years(KraumeandDrews2010).There-fore,waterreclamationanditsreuseareinevitableintheyearstocome.Wastewatertreatmenttechnologiesliketricklingfilters,rotatingbiologicalcontactors,activatedsludgeplants(ASPs)whichhavebeeninuseinwastewatertreatmentprocessesforoveracenturyneedstobeupgradedand/orreplacedwithnewandA.BarwalR.Chaudhary(&)WaterandWastewaterLab,FacultyofEngineeringSciences,SchoolofEnergyandEnvironmentalStudies,DeviAhilyaUniversity,TakshshilaCampus,KhandwaRoad,Indore452001,MadhyaPradesh,Indiae-mail:[e-mail]-mail:[e-mail]123RevEnvironSciBiotechnol(2014)13:285–299DOI10.1007/s11157-014-9333-7moreadvancedtreatmenttechnologiesthatcanpro-videhighqualityoftreatedwater,whichcanbeusedfordomestic,industrialandagriculturalpurposesandalsoforfuturesustainablepractices.Currently,ASPsarewellestablishedinthepracticeofwastewaterengineering.TheefficiencyofASPisconstrainedbysettlingtankperformanceanddependsonthesettleabilityofitsflocs.Thesesystemscannotbeoperatedwithbiomassconcentrationshigherthan5gL-1andrequirealargefootprintareasforthesesettlingtank.Theirhighersludgeproductionrepre-sentsadditionaltreatmentcostsforexcesssludgedisposal(Defranceetal.2000).Inthelast20years,movingbedbiofilmreactor(MBBR)hasbeenestablishedasasimple-yet-robust,flexibleandcompacttechnologyforwastewatertreatment(JenkinsandSanders2012).Ithasshowngreatpotentialinpollutionloadreductionandhasdefiniteedgeoverthesurfaceaerationsystem(DasandNaga2011)anditsapplicationinwastewatertreatmenthasincreasedoverthepastdecade(RodgersandZhan2003).MBBRshavebecomeaninterestingalternativeforwastewatertreatmentasitisreliableandcompactsystemsduetodevelopmentintheirdesignsandoperationwhichhasresultedindecreasedfootprints,significantlylowersuspendedsolidpro-duction,consistentproductionofhighqualityandreusablewaterandminimalwastedisposal.MBBRsweredesignedtomeetawiderangeofeffluentqualitystandards,includingstringentnutrientlimits(JenkinsandSanders2012)andalsoapplicabletowiderangewastewaterflowsrangingfrom10,000to150,000m3day-1(Barkman2010).Duringthepastdecade,ithasbeensuccessfullyusedformunicipalaswellasindustrialwastewaterincludingpulpandpaperindustrywastewater(Jahrenetal.2002;Vaidhegi2013),poultryprocessingwastewater(Rustenetal.1998b),phenolicwastewater(BorgheiandHosseini2004),pharmaceuticalwastewater(Brinkleyetal.2007),dairywastewater,refineryandslaughterhousewaste,aquaculture,potablewaterdenitrificationandinroughing,secondary,tertiary,sidestreamapplications(Kermanietal.2008;McQuarrieandBoltz2011).MBBRcanalsobeusedinanextremelycompacthigh-rateprocess(\1htotalHRT)forsecondarytreatment(Ødegaard2006).MBBRprocesswasdevelopedinNorwayinthelate1980sbytheNorwegiancompanyKaldnesMiljø´teknologiAS(nowAnoxKaldnesAS)incooperationwithaWaterTreatmentResearchGroupatNTNU/SINTEF(NTNU–NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology,SINTEF–TheFoundationforScientificandIndustrialResearch).Thistechnol-ogywaspatentedasKaldnesMovingBedTMBiofilmprocess.(Eur.Pat.No.0575314,USpat.No.5458779)(Ødegaardetal.1998,Ødegaard1999a;RodgersandZhan2003).Th