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Zeolites719●ZZZ-value(orpolarityparameterZ)—isanindexoftheionizingpowerofasolventbasedonthefrequencyofthelongestwavelengthelectronicabsorptionmaximumof-ethyl--methoxycarbonylpyridiniumiodideinthesolvent.TheZ-valueisdefinedbyZ=.λwhereZisinkcalmol−andλisinnm,respectively.Ref.:[i]MullerP()PureApplChem:WKZadracell—Electrolyticcellemployedinelectrowin-ningofgold.Thedesignisbasedonplacingintoaper-foratedcylindricalpolymercontainer:steelwoolascathode,afeedertube,andacurrentdistributor.Theanodeisastainlesssteelmeshoutsidethecon-tainer.Gold-richsolutionisfedatlowfeedratethroughthefeederatthebottomofthesteelwool-filledcompart-ment,goldisreductivelyextracted,andtheextractedso-lutionpassesthepolymercontainer.Refs.:[i]PletcherD,WalshFC()Industrialelectrochemistry.BlackieAcademic&Professional,London;[ii]ZadraJB,EngelAL,HeinenHJ()USBureauofMinesReportRHZambonipile—Thiswasadrypileconsistingoftinfoilonpaperandlayersofmanganesedioxide.Thelatterwastransferredasapasteontothepapersideofthesil-verpaper,andmanylayerswerecombinedtoaso-calleddrypile,i.e.,onlyhavingawetlayerofthemanganesedioxide.Othercombinationsweretinfoil–paper–brassfoil(orcopper-foil).Refs.:[i]HauckWP()DieGalvanischenBatterien,AccumulatorenundThermosäulen,ndedn.Hartleben’sVerlagWien;[ii]OstwaldW()Elektrochemie.IhreGeschichteundLehre.VeitComp,Leipzig;(Englishtransl:OstwaldW()Electrochemistry.Historyandtheory,vols.AmerindPubl,NewDelhi)FSZdansky–LonzaprocessoxygenZel’dovich,YakovBorisovich(ICTPPhotoArchives,Trieste,Italy)(Mar.,,Minsk,Russia–Dec.,,Moscow,USSR,nowRussia),laboratoryassistantattheIn-stituteofChemicalPhysicsoftheAcademyofScience(AS)oftheUSSR.,PhDdegree(adsorption,catal-ysis);,DScdegree(phys-mathscience);corre-spondingmemberofASUSSR;actualmemberofASUSSR.,professorattheDepartmentofPhysicsofMoscowStateUniversityandheadofthedivisionofRelativisticAstrophysicsattheSternbergAstronomicalInstitute.–,headofadivisionattheInstituteofAppliedMathematics,ASUSSR.,headoftheScien-tificCouncilonFusionattheASUSSR.Fieldsofinterest:adsorption,catalysis,cavitation,nuclearandthermonuclearweapons,shockwaves,nu-clearphysics,particlephysics,astrophysics,physicalcos-mology,andgeneralrelativity.AndreiSakharovnamedhim“amanofuniversalscientificinterests”andStephenW.HawkingsaidtoZel’dovich:“BeforeImetyouhere,Ibelievedyoutobea‘collectiveauthor’,likeBourbaki.”SeealsoZel’dovichtheoryinnucleation,subentrynon-stationarynucleation,andRoginskii–Zel’dovichkineticsinadsorptionkinetics.AMZel’dovichtheorynucleation,subentrynon-stationarynucleationZeolites—areanyofvariousnaturalorsynthesizedhydrousframeworksilicates,consistingofinterlockedtetrahedronsofSiOandAlO,witharatio(Si+Al)Oequalto..Z.werefirstlydiscoveredandnamedin,bytheSwedishmineralogistAxelFredrickCronst-edt,incaseofstilbite.Othernaturalz.,as,e.g.,analcime,heulandite,natrolite,andstilbite,areoftenformednearvolcanicactivitycenters,havebeenformedfromrocksbyinteractionwithalkalinegroundwaters.Syntheticz.,producedsincethes,canbemadebyaslowcrystal-lizationprocessofasilica–aluminagelinthepresence720Zetapotential●Zofalkalisandorganictemplates;hydrothermalmeth-odsarefrequentlyutilized.Manyz.arethermallysta-bletooverC.Thezeoliticframeworkcanbemodi-fiedbymetalcationsubstitution.Dealumination,toin-creasethesilicacontent,resultsinanincreaseofthehy-drophobicnatureofthez.Thealumino–silicatestruc-tureisnegativelycharged,whichmakesthemsuitablemicroporoushostsforpositivelychargedorganicandinorganicspecies.Unlikemostothertectosilicates,z.havelargervacantcagesintheirstructure,thattoleratelargecationsas,e.g.,sodium,potassium,barium,andcalcium,aswellasmoleculesandionicgroupssuchaswater,ammonia,carbonate,andnitrateions,andalsoorganicanions.Animportantclassofz.consistsofin-terconnectedspacesthatformlong,widechannelsofvaryingsizesallowingeasymovement/diffusionoftheresidentionsandmoleculesintoandoutofthestruc-ture.Z.arecharacterizedbytheabilitytoloseandabsorbwater(andothermolecules)withoutdamageoftheircrystalstructure.Thez.poresizes,commer-ciallyavailable,rangefromapproximatelytoÅ.Ion-exchange/filtrationmaterialsbasedonz.areusedinwater-softeningtechnologyandasadsorbents,aswellasinwastewatertreatment,forremovingbothparticu-lateandionic,heavymetal,impurities.Z.membranesareutilizedinarangeofsizesandchemicallyselectiveseparations.Z.arepotentialcandidatesfornovelmi-croporousmaterialsforfuelcellapplicationsandtheproductionofultrahighsurface-areacatalysts.Inelec-trochemistry,z.havebeeninvestigated,togetherwithothermicroporousandmesoporousmaterials,aselec-trodemodifiers,i.e.,z.coatings,films,ormembranes,orso-calledzeolite-modifiedelectrodes,ZME.Synthesisandapplicationsofsuchcoherentcrystallinez.coatingsonmetalandinorganicsurfacesareintensivelystud-ied,alsowithrespecttoiontransportprocessesacrossliquid–liquidinterfaces.Afrequentquoteis‘zeolitisa-tion’ofelectrodes,thatis,toselectivelymodifyelec-trodesforthetailoredion-exchangeandredoxreactionsofspeciesintoth

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