氨氧化菌在污水生物处理中的作用李小鹏, 张代均, 曹 琳, 祖 波(重庆大学资源与环境科学学院,重庆400044) : 细菌分类学研究结果表明,除了Nitrosococcusoceanus以外,其他所有氨氧化细菌同属于proteobacteria科β-亚纲;对氨氧化菌中氨单加氧酶(AMO)、羟胺氧化酶(HAO)和某些还原酶性质的研究表明,氨氧化菌具有多种代谢途径的能力;在天然水体、土壤和污水处理过程中发现的好氧/厌氧氨氧化现象以及反硝化现象证明了氨氧化菌能在不同环境条件下利用多种基质。此外,氨氧化菌与其他菌种间存在协作和竞争的关系。氨氧化菌代谢途径的多样性为污水生物处理技术的发展提供了新的理论和思路。 : 氨氧化菌; 硝化; 反硝化:X703.1 :B :1000-4602(2004)05-0024-04 :(50378094) ,,,CO2。—。,,、。1 氨氧化菌的分类学(Ni-trobacteriaceae)。,CO2。,。16srRNA[1]。,Nitrosococcusoceanus,,proteobacteriaβ-,nitrosolobus、Ni-trosospira、NitrosovibrioNitrosomonas;Nitrosococcus,Ni-trosococcusmobilisβ-Nitrosomonas,Nitrosococcusoceanusγ-。2 氨氧化菌中的酶2.1 (AMO)(AMO)。AMO,AMO。,AMO。AMOAMO-AAMO-B。Hyman[2]14CNitrosomonaseuropaea,14C27ku。AMO,,AMO,14C。AMO、。,N.europaea、、、、COCO2、。AMO,·24· 2004Vol.20 CHINAWATER&WASTEWATER No.5。2.2 (HAO)N.europaeaHAO,,HAO,。HAO63ku,8,7C,8P460。8-412~+288mV,P460()CHAO,6。,HAOC554C552。2.3 Nitrosomonas,NO,N2O。3 氨氧化菌的生化反应3.1 O2。(AMO)(HAO)。,CO2,。O2[3]: NH3+O2+2H++2e-※NH2OH+H2O(1) NH2OH+H2O※NO-2+5H++4e-(2) 0.5O2+2H++2e-※H2O(3),。C5H7NO2,: 13NH+4+15CO2※10NO-2+3C5H7NO2+23H++4H2O(4),,。4AMO,C552、C554、P460。C552aa3,,[4]。3.2 NO2,NO2,O2。,[5]。,。N2O4。: NH3+N2O4+2H++2e-※NH2OH+H2O+2NO(5) NH2OH+H2O※HNO2+4e-+4H+(6)O2,Hyman14C2H2N.europaea,14CAMO———27Amoa,N.eu-ropaea。Schmidt[6]NO214C2H2,Amoa14C;NO2,N.europaea14C2H2。,14C2H2N.europaea,NO2,NO。,NO2O2,NOAMO,NO2。Schmidt[7],NO2O2N.europaea,N.europaea。,NO2N.eu-ropaea,27ku3kuac。NO2N.europaea。3.3 N2、N2O,NO-3NO-2O2。,·25·2004Vol.20 No.5,[4]。: NO-3※NO-2※NO※N2O※N2(7),,。,、NO-3: 5C6H12O6+24NO-3+24H+※12N2+30CO2+42H2O(8),1gNO-3-N2.68gCOD,,4。,SH2: 2NO-3+5H2+2H+※N2+6H2O(9) 8NO-3+5HS+3H+※4N2+4H2O+5SO2-4(10)N2O、NON2,,。N2O、NON2。Ni-trosomonas,:①;②;③NO-2NH2OH。BockNitrobacterNitrosomonas[8]。Ralf[9],(700mg/L)Nitrosomonas0.28%NH+4-NNO,NOO2。RalfNitrosomonas。。Abeliovich[10],(),。4 氨氧化菌代谢多样性的应用4.1 ,15CAnammoxN2NH+4NO-2[11]。NOHNO。IngoSchmidt[12],(N.europaea)(BrocadiaAnammox-idan):,。Slikers[13],75mgNH+4-N/(L·d)。,。4.2 。Murrell[14]NitrosocoocusNitrosomonasAMO-A,proteobacteriaβ-AMO,γ-。,。Holmes[15]AMO(pMMO),。,。,。Zhang[16]EGSBNO-2,NO-2,COD97%,NO-2100%,NH+440%。6.56gCOD/(L·d)0.9gN/(L·d)。EGSB,NH+4,,NH+4;,NO。4.3 ,,,。SHARON,pH、,,[17]。/,·26·2004Vol.20 No.5,,。5 结语,、。,、。:[1] BockE,KoopsHP.Oxidationofinorganicnitrogencom-poundsasenergysource[M].NewYork:Springer-Ver-ag,1991.[2]HymanMR,ArpDJ.14C2H2-and14CO2-labelingstud-iesofthedenovosynthesisofpolypeptidesbyNitro-somonaseuropaeaduringrecoveryfromacetyleneandlightinactivationofammoniamonooxygenase[J].JBiollChem,1992,(3):1524-1535.[3]PhilipsS,LaanbroekHJ,VerstraeteWOrigin.Causesandeffectsofincreasednitriteconcentrationsinaquaticenvironments[J].RevEnvironSciBiotechnol,2002,(1):115-141.[4] YeRW,ThomasSM.Microbialnitrogencycles:physiol-ogy,genomicsandapplications[J].CurrOpinMicrobiol,2001,(4):307-312.[5] SchmidtI,ZartD.GaseousNO2asaregulatorforammo-niaoxidationofNitrosomonaseutropha[J].AntonievanLeeuwenhoek,2001,79:311-318.[6] SchmidtI,BockE,JettenMSM.AmmoniaoxidationbyNitritrosomonaseutrophawithNO2asoxidantisnotin-hibitedbyacetylene[J].Microbiology,2001,147:2247-2253.[7] SchmidtI,ZartD,BockE.EffectsofgaseousNO2oncellsofNitrosomonaseutrophapreviouslyincapableofusingammoniaasenergysource[J].AntonievanLeeuwen-hoek,2001,79:39-47.[8] BockE,SchmidtI,StuvenR,etal.NitrogenlosscausedbydenitrifyingNitrosomonaseutrophacellsusingammo-niumorhydrogenaselectrondonorsandnitriteaselec-tronacceptor[J].ArchMicrobiol,1995,163:16-20.[9]StuvenR,BockE.NitrificationanddenitrificationassourceforNOandNO2productioninhigh-strengthwastewater[J].WaterRes,2001,35(8):1905-1914.[10] AbeliovichA,VonshakA.Anaerobicmetabolismofam-moniaofNitrosomonaseutrophea[J].ArchMicrobiol,1992,158:267-270.[11] JettenMSM,StrousM,KatinakaT,etal.Theanaero-bicoxidationofammonium[J].FEMSMicrobiolRev,1999,22(6):421-437.[12] SchmidtI,SliekersO,SchmidM,etal.Aerobicandanaerobicammoniaoxidizingbacteria—competitorsornaturalpartners[J].FEMSMicrobiolEcol,2002,39:175-181.[13] SliekersAO,DerwortN,GomezJLC,etal.Completeautrophicnitrogenremovalovernitriteinonesinglere-actor[J].WatRes,2002,36:2475-2482.[14] MurrellJC,HolmesAJ.Molecularbiologyofparticulatemethanemonooxygenase[A].Proceedingofthe8thin-ternationalsymposiumonMicrobialGrowthonC1com-pounds[C].Netherlands:KluwerAcademicPulishers,1996.[15] HolmesAJ,GostelloA,LidstromME,etal.Envidencethatparticulatemethanemonoxygenaseandammoniamonaxygenasmaybeevolutionarilyrelated[J].FEMSMicrobiolLett,1995,132:203-208.[16] ZhangDai-jun.Theintegrationofmethanogenesiswithdenitrificationandanaerobicammoniumoxidationinanexpandedgranularsludgebedreactor[J].JournalofEn-vironmentalSciences,2003,15(3):423-432.[17] HellingaC,VanLoosdrechtMCM,HeijnenJJ.TheSHARONprocessfornitrogenremovalinammoniumrichwastewater[J].MedFadLandbouwwUnivGent,1997,62:1743-1750.:(023)65105875E-mail:dzhang@cqu.edu.cn:2003-10-05本期助理编辑: 郝 薇 李德强·27·2004Vol.20 No.5