搜索
:2007-02-24;:2007-03-22.:.:(1982-),,,,.:., (江南大学工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏无锡 214036) :我国工农业生产与城市严重缺水,城市污水处理率低,在客观上要求城市污水经生态处理后回用于农业。人工湿地污水处理系统利用基质、植物和微生物这个复合生态系统的物理、化学和生物的三重协调作用,通过过滤、吸附、共沉淀、离子交换、植物吸收和微生物分解来降解污染物质,不仅其出水水质能够达到农田灌溉水质标准,而且由于其具有出水水质稳定、对营养物质去除能力强、基建和运行费用低、技术含量低、维护管理方便等优点,因此人工湿地完全有可能替代传统二级污水处理厂高效净化污水,并将处理出水用于灌溉农田,实现农业的可持续发展。参36。:人工湿地;城市污水处理;农业灌溉:X703 :A :1001-0068(2007)04-0425-05ThePossibilityofMunicipalWastewaterTreatedbyConstructedWetlandsforAgriculturalIrrigationDUANJing-jing,ZHOUQing(TheKeyLaboratoryofIndustrialBiotechnology,MinistryofEducation,SouthernYangtzeUniversity,Wuxi214036,China)Abstract:Sincewaterisbecominganincreasinglyscarcecommodity,municipalwastewatereffluentisnowbeingconsideredasanewwaterre-sourcethatcanbeusedforagriculturalirrigationtosolvewatershortages.However,muchofthemunicipalwastewaterisnottreatedbeforeit'sdrainedontothefarmlands,whichleadstoaseriesofproblems.Alternatively,constructedwetlandscanbeusedtotreatwastewatertoalleviatebadeffects.Thewetland,asaland-intensivebiologicaltreatmentsystem,hasintegratedpurifyingmechanisms,includingphysical-chemicalprocessessuchassubstrateadsorption,substratefiltration,plantadsorption,pollutantsediment,ionexchange,andbiochemicalprocessessuchasplantsorption,microbiologyoxidation,microbiologyammunition.Theadvantagesofconstructedwetlandsarerelativelylowcost,simpleoperationandconvenientmaintenance.Thereclaimedwaterqualityisverystableandmeetsthestaterequirementsforirrigation.So,inasense,itispos-siblefortheeffluentfromconstructedwetlandstobeusedforagriculturalirrigation.Inthisway,agriculturecandevelopinasustainableway.Keywords:constructedwetlands;municipalwastewater;agriculturalirrigation ,88。,。。,,,;,;,;,。61m3,20%。,85%。,。,。,。,、、、、,。[1]。1 污水灌溉的环境生态学效应1.1 ,。(≤15mg/L),,。,,[2]。[3];[4]。,,234200711SYSTEMSCIENCESANDCOMPREHENSIVESTUDIESINAGRICULTUREVol.23,No.4Nov.,2007。,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、HgAs233.06%、358.66%、83.15%、85.68%、921.06%、103.20%55.20%[5]。,、Cd0.02mg/kg0.03mg/kg,(0.05mg/kg);Cu1.2mg/kg,(1.0mg/kg)1.2;Cu0.65mg/kg[6]。Lahham(1999～2000),,[7]。1.2 ,,。。、、,,。、,,,,。[2]。。,。、、、,,0.12%,Cd3.83μg/L,[8]。1.3 “—”[8]:NPV=Bd+Be-Cd-Cp-Ce,NPV,Bd,Be,Cd,Cp,Ce。NPV,、、。,,29.2m3/a,28.9m3/a,0.5,14.45。、200～300。、,,[9]。Solano[10],BOD、CODTSS,,5。。2 人工湿地处理技术2.1 ,,(),,。,,O2,、。(),,、、。P,。,。,、。、。N、P。,。。、,。[11]。,N,。、。,——,、、,。2.2 。、,426 23;、。BOD85%～95%,COD80%[12]。、CO2H2O。。N、,20%[13]。N,。,NO-2NO-3,N2。。——,A2/O,。。、,[14,15]。TP90%,、pH、Fe、CaAl[16]。Mg、Ca、Fe、AlP,CaP[17]。Geller[18],Fe、Al,CaP。CaP,,。[19]。,;P90%。P,。,。[20]。——。、,、,、、、、,。,HgSe。,。,,。,-,pH,[21]。——。,。Ye[22]Se、CN-、AsB,,Se、As、BCN79%、67%、57%54%。,CHCl3。。,-:①、、;②、;③、,[23]。Sei-del[24]54,1048h99%,1385%,3115%。Meule-man[25],,。3 人工湿地分类及处理污水实例3.1 (SurfaceFlowConstructedWet-land,SFW),,,。、,。,,O2CO2,pH,。、,[23]。SFW、,。Neralla[26],SFW,BOD400mg/L,BOD80%～90%,20mg/L。90%～99%,TSS、VSS、NH+4-N、P。Ji[27]SFW,。2,1687.5m2,75m、7.5m、4274: 0.25m、0.2%。pH,COD400mg/L,1∶COD77mg/L,80%;2∶COD114mg/L,71%。BOD(32.1mg/L),,BOD3.9mg/L7.3mg/L。,TKN。TKN10mg/L～20mg/L,1、286%81%TKN。,15mg/L～30mg/L,11.4mg/L,21.8mg/L,92.8%91.6%,(GB5084-92)。3.2 (SubsurfaceFlowConstructedWet-land,SSFW),、,;,,,。,N。,,、(Fe、Ca、Al),[23]。,SSFWBOD5、CODSS,。、、、、、、。Solano[28]SSFW。,40m2,1.5d3d。,,。COD557mg/L,BOD327mg/L,TSS272mg/L,3d,COD、BOD、TSS75%、85%90%,99%。,[10]。Omari[28]、,COD、BOD、TSS、TN、NH+4-N、NO-3-N。3.3 ,,。,。,[29]。———(IntegratedVerticalFolwConstructedWetland,IVCW),。,,,P,[30]。Meuleman[25]IVCWCODBOD,COD、BOD、NP16700kg/hm2、6700kg/hm2、2400kg/hm2335kg/hm2,COD81%,BOD96%,99%,30%N24%P。15%N、10%P,8%N,N7%、P14%。,[31]。4 湿地处理与传统二级处理比较4.1 、,“,”。,。、[32],,,,(0.1/t～0.2/t),1/10～1/5[33～35]。5m3/d～10m3/d,100～50,1/10,[36]。,。4.2 、,、,。、,、,。,,,,。、,。4.3 ,,。428 23、。,,N、P,Pb、ZnCd。。4.4 ,,、。,。2267hm2,,;30t,90%,,。4.5 ,。2～3,、、,、、、。。,,。,,——,,,,,。:[1] .[J].,1985,4(1):1-4.[2] ,.[J].,2000,(2):23-26.[3] ,, ,.、[J].,2005,21(1):79-83.[4] ,.—[J].(),2005,44(4):584-588.[5] ,,,.[J].,2005,37(5):517-522.[6] ,,,.[J].,2005,24(6):731-732.[7] O.Al-Lahham,NM.ElAssi.Impactoftreatedwastewaterirrigationonqualityattributesandcontaminationoftomatofruit[J].Agricultur-alWaterManagement,2003,(61):51-62.[8] ,.[J].,1998,17(5):237-239.[9] , .[J].,2004,17(6):24-26.[10] SolanoML,PSoriano.ConstructedWetlandsasaSustainableSolu-tionforWastewaterTreatmentinSmallVillages[J].BiosystemsEngineering,2004,87(1):109-118.[11] ,,,.[J].,2003,22(2):49-55.[12] ,.[J].,2002,13(2):229-232.[13] MarsR.TheroleofthesubmergentmacrophyteTriglochinHuegeliiindomesticgreywatertreatment[J].EcologicalEngineering,1999,(12):57-66.[14] DavidAK,MBDavid,LEGentry,etal.Effectivenessofcon-structedwetlandsinreducingnitrogenandphosphonesexportfroma-griculturetiledrainage[J].JournalofEnvironmentalQuality,2000,(29):1262-1274.[15] RickerlDH,LLJanssen.Bufferedwetlandsinagriculturalland-scapesinthePrairiePotholeRegion:environmentalagronomic,andeconomicevaluations[J].JournalofSoilandWaterConservation,2000,55(2):220-225.[16] GumbrichtT,Nutrientremovalprocessinfreshwatersubmersedmacrophytesystems[J].EcologicalEngineering,1993,2(1):29-30.[17] ZhuT.Phosphatesorptionandchemicalcharacteristicsoflightweightaggregate(LWA)—Potentialfilt