稻田生态系统生物硝化反硝化作用与氮素损失

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2333(,210008)2,22.-Biologicalnitrification2denitrificationandnitrogenlossinricefieldecosystem.YuShenandLiZhengao(InstituteofSoilScience,AcademiaSinica,Nanjing210008).2Chin.J.Appl.Ecol.,1999,10(5):630634.Fromtheviewpointofsoilmicrobialphysiologyandbiochemistry,thispaperreviewedtheadvancesontheresearchofbiologicalnitrification2denitrificationandnitrogenlossinricefieldecosystems.Thepositionandsignificanceofbiologi2calnitrification2denitrificationinthegaseousnitrogenlossesofricefieldecosystemswerealsodiscussed.Inaddition,themeasuringmethodsforthebiologicalnitrification2denitrificationwerecomparedinthepaper.KeywordsBiologicalnitrification2denitrification,Nitrogenloss,Ricefieldecosystem.3(39470025).33.1997-01-28,1998-07-06..1,90%,40%,80%90%..20%40%,(40%60%).,.22.12.1.1G2.,,.,CO2.CO2NH+4NO-2ATP.,NH+4NO-2,,,;NO-2NO-3,,.6[15].NH+4NO-2.,,NO-2O2,N2O.2.1.2NO-2NO-3.,.,()NH+4NO-3.2.1.3G-,CH4CH3OHCH3OCH3..NH+4NH2OH,NO-2[15].2.22.2.1NH+42NNH+4,NH+4.Katyal[17],NH+47.51530mgNL-14,NH+4.Jensen[16].NH+4,.199910105CHINESEJOURNALOFAPPLIEDECOLOGY,Oct.1999,10(5)630634,.NH+4NH+4,NH+4.,,..NH+4.,,[1].,NH+4,.2.2.2,O2NH+4ATP..,.Jensen[16]NH+4,O2.2.2.3pHpH8.5.pH6.0,pH5.0,pH10.0.pH,pH,,,pHNH3[12].Sahrawat[27],pH3.48.6,304,(pH3.43.7)(pH4.4),;pH6.0,.pH(6.58.6),,pH6.0.,Sahrawat[27],.2.32.3.1,NH+4.,;,,,NH+4,NO-3,.2.3.2,,NO-3,(NO-3),.,.N-serve(DCD)(ASU).,,:1);2)(),;3),pH,;4)().,,.33.13:.[11],,..,,NO-3,.NO-3N2ON2[15].N2ON2,20[15].,,[3].,1365:2.,,.,ParacoccusdenitrificansAlcaligenesspp.H2;Thiobacil2lusdenitrificans;Rhodopseudomonassphaeroides.,A2zospirillumbrasilenseRhizobium,R.japonicumR.meliloti,,,NO-3N2N2O.,..[10,11].:NO-3NO-2NON2ON2.NO-3NO-2NON2O.NO-3N2.NO-3,NO-2;N2O,N2O;N2O,NO-2N2O.NO-2N2ONO-3NO-2NON2O;NO-2NON2ONO-3NO-2.NO-3,,MoFe[11].NO-2:Cucd;NO-2;,NO-2NO-2,NO.NON2O,.N2O,Cubc,.NO-2N2ON2.NO,().pH,NO-2NO,NO-2NO[10].NO,NON2ON2NO.,.3.23.2.1O2.O2[11].,,,.,,,..Klemedtsson[18](N2+N2O),(),.80%,(N2+N2O),.Cho,,N2O[7].O2.,,,.,GroffmanTiedje[13],,60%20%,;20%60%,,,..3.2.2,.,.,,,,.KoskinenKeeney,[19].Reddy[24]NO-3.,()23610..Lescure[20],24h,N2O;72h,...Drury[9]13,75h,,.3.2.3NO-3NO-3,.Km5290molL-1.NO-340100gNg-1,NO-3,.NO-340gNg-1,,NO-3.Yoshinari(1977)Km,13012000molL-1NO-3.,NO-3N2O,N2O/N2,pH[10].Munch[23],NO-3,N2O/N2.3.2.4pHpH.pH68,pH78.,pH,.,pH,pH,,N2O/N2.N2O/N2N2OpH,pH,N2O.Fillery[10].KoskinenKeeneypH6.0,N2O[19].3.2.5.,(),.,,,2.ReddyPatrick[26],143mgm-2d-1.Buresh[6]Lindau[22].424.122.10%50%,50%..,2[6,8].,pH5.5,,pH[11];2,NO-3[5].Focht[12]2.DeDatta[8]46%,(N2+N2O)-15N0.1%;15N(N2+N2O)-15N,6%,15N.,0.1%3.7%[2].,2.Frenney(1990),.,2.4.2223:.3:(N2+N2O)-15N3365:22N2O15N.2,.(N2+N2O)-15N2.15NLimmer[21].(N2+N2O)-15N.15N.,(N2+N2O)-15N.[14]().NO-3.[14].,.2[4].(N2+N2O)-15N2[2,8,25].5,.,.222.1.1987..:.8089.2.1994.2[].:.3.1989..,26(1):7995.4.1982.2.,19(3):257263.5Buresh,R.J.andDeDatta,S.K.1990.Denitrificationlossesfrompuddledricesoilsinthetropics.Bio.Fertil.Soils,9:113.6Buresh,R.J.,DeDatta,S.K.,Samson,M.Z.etal.1991.Dinitrogenandnitrousoxidefluxfromureabaselyappliedtopuddledricesoils.SoilSci.Soc.Am.J.,55:268273.7ChoC.M.1982.Oxygenconsumptionanddenitrificationkineticsinsoil.SoilSci.Soc.Am.J.,46:756762.8DeDatta,S.K.,Buresh,R.J.,Samson,M.I.etal.1991.Directmea2surementofammoniaanddenitrificationfluxesfromureaappliedtorice.SoilSci.Soc.Am.J.,55:543548.9Drury,C.F.,Mckenney,D.J.andFindlay,W.I.1991.Relationshipsbetweendenitrification,microbialbiomassandindigenoussoilproper2ties.SoilBiol.Biochem.,23(8):751755.10Fillery,I.R.P.1983.Biologicaldenitrification.In:Freney,J.R.&Simpson,J.R.eds.GaseousLossofNitrogenfromPlant2SoilSys2tems.MartinusNijhofff.3364.11Firestone,M.K.1982.Biologicaldenitrification.In:StevensonF.J.ed.NitrogeninAgriculturalSoilsNo.22ASA,CSSA&SSSA,Madi2son,Wisconsin.289326.12Focht,D.D.1979.Microbialkineticsofnitrogenlossesinfloodedsoils.In:NitrogenandRiceLosBanos.Philippines:IRRI.119134.13Groffman,P.M.andTiedje,J.M.1988.Denitrificationhysteresisdur2ingwettinganddryingcyclesinsoil.SoilSci.Soc.Am.J.,52:16261629.14Hauck,R.1986.Fieldmeasurementofdenitrification2anoverview.In:Hauch,R.D.&Weaver,R.W.eds.FieldMeasurementofDini2trogenFixationandDenitrification.SpecPubl18,SoilSci.Soc.Am.Madison,Wisconisn.5972.15Haynes,R.J.1986.MineralNitrogeninthePlantSoilSystem.NewYork:AcademicPress,Inc.16Jensen,K.,Revsbech,N.P.andNielsen,L.P.1993.Microscaledis2tributionofnitrificationactivityinsedimentdeterminedwithashieldedmicrosensorfornitrate.Appl.Environ.Microbio.,59:32873296.17Katyal,J.C.,Xarter,M.F.andVlek,P.L.G.1988.Nitrificationactivityinsubmergedsoilsanditsrelationtodenitrificationloss.Biol.Fertil.Soils,7:1622.18Klemedtsson,L.,Svensson,B.H.andRosswall,T.1988.Relation2shipsbetweensoilmoisturecontentandnitrousoxideproductiondur2ingnitrificationanddenitrification.Biol.Fertil.Soils,6:106111.19Koskinen,W.C.andKeeney,D.R.1982.EffectofpHontherateofgaseousproductsofdenitrificationinasiltloamsoil.SoilSci.Soc.Am.J.,46:11651167.20Lescure,C.,Menendez,L.,Lensi,R.etal.1992.Effectofadditionofvariouscarbonsubstratesondenitrificationinaverticmollisol.Bi2ol.Fertil.Soils,13:125129.21Limmer,A.W

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