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张 建 黄 霞 施汉昌 胡洪营 钱 易(,100084) ,。,———、、。 ReviewofsubsurfacewastewaterinfiltrationsystemappliedinsewagetreatmentZhangJian HuangXia ShiHanchang HuHongying QianYi(ESPCStateKeyJointLaboratory,DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciencesandEngineering,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084)Abstract Subsurfacewastewaterinfiltrationsystem(SWIS)isasewagepurificationtechnologybasedonnaturalecologicalprinciple.ThetechnologyhasagoodfeasibilityandprospectinChina.Inthepresentpaper,typesofSWIS,werereviewed.AndsomecrucialproblemsofSWIS,suchasselectionoffilledsoil,selectionofhydraulicloadingrate,nitrogenandphosphorusremoval,cloggingofsoil,werediscussedaswell.Keywords subsurfacewastewaterinfiltrationsystem;landtreatment;sewagepurification;nitrogenandphosphorusremoval 、,,--,[1,2]。、、、、、。,,、、,[2—20]。,,,,,2090,,。1992,[21];“”,。,,、、,。1 ,3:、、,。1.1 1。、:(2000-03)34Vol.3,No.420024TechniquesandEquipmentforEnvironmentalPollutionControlApr.,2002,,、。,,1.0—4.0cm/d[2]。1 1.2 2,(NiiMi),NiiMi2080[8]。,,。,、,30—50cm。。,、,;、,。,NiiMi,--,。30—40L/(m·d)。2 1.;2.;3.;4.1.3 ,、--、-、,,[1]。,,,。2 2.1 --,、、、、,———,。、[1,2],,。,,。。;,,。2.2 ,,[2]。,,[1,2,20]。2.2.1 土壤-植物系统的导水能力,,:LW=ET-Pr+PW(1):LWcm/a;ETcm/a;PWcm/a,4%—10%;483Prcm/a。2.2.2 依据覆盖植被对灌溉的要求,,:LW=(ET-Pr)1+LR100(2):LR,(1)。2.2.3 土壤-植物系统对污染物的同化容量,,,BOD、PSS[1,2,20],,。:LW(N)=Cp(Pr-ET)+10U(1-f)Cn-Cp(3):LW(N)cm/a;Cpmg/L;Cnmg/L;Ukg/(hm2·a);f,f0.8,0.1—0.2;ETPr(1)。2.3 (),,、10%—90%[1,2,13]。:,,,N2N2O。,,、。,,,,。,。。、pH、、。,,15cm[13]。,,N2N2O。,,(Eh=+350—100mV)。,,,,。。,[6,15,21],C/N[3,4,7,9,15,19]。,,。,20%。,,、。2.4 ,90%[1,2,20—22]。:、、。,,,,,,[1,12,20,21]。。494 :[1]:Px=P0exp(-KpT)(4)T=XWKxG(5):Pxxmg/L;P0mg/L;Kp(pH=7,Kp=0.002/h);Td;Xm;W(0.4);Kxx,cm/h;G,G=1,;G=ΔH/ΔL,。2.5 ,,[5,10,11,18,19]。。2.5.1 悬浮物堵塞土壤孔隙,,,。,,[4]。2.5.2 微生物作用堵塞土壤孔隙。,[14],(),C/N[18,19]。,。、[10,11]。2.5.3 土壤中生化反应产生的气体对土壤孔隙的堵塞CO2,CH4、SO2、N2、N2O,,。、,[4,10,11]。,,,。3 ,,,,,、。,,。,。,,,。,,,。[1],..:,1991[2]USEPA.Wastewatertreatment/disposalforsmallcommu-nities,EPA625R92005,1992[3]J.C.Lance,F.D.Whisler.Stimulationofdenitrificationinsoilcolumnsbyaddingorganiccarbontowastewater.J.WPCF,1976,48(2):346—356[4]J.C.Lance,R.G.Gilbert,etal.Renovationofwastew-aterbysoilcolumnsfloodedwithprimaryeffluent.J.WPCF,1980,52(2):381—388[5]KristiansenR.Sand-filtertrenchesforpurificationofseptictankeffluent:Ⅰ.Thecloggingmechanismandsoilphysi-calenvironment.J.Environ.Qual.,1981,10:353—357[6]KristiansenR.Sand-filtertrenchesforpurificationofseptictankeffluent:Ⅱ.Thefateofnitrogen.J.Environ.Qual.,1981,10:353—357[7]R.C.Rice,HermanBouwer.Soil-aquifertreatmentusingprimaryeffluent.J.WPCF,1984,56(1):84—88[8]Dillaha,TheoA.,Younos,TamimM.,etal.BiologicaltreatmentofwastewaterinsoilsbytheNiiMiprocess.Sec-503ondInternationalConferenceonFixed-filmBiologicalPro-cesses,1984,831—845[9]J.C.Lance.Effectofsludgeadditionsonnitrogenremovalinsoilcolumnsfloodedwithsecondaryeffluent.J.Envi-ron.Qual.,1986,15(3):298—301[10]RobertL.Siegrist.Soilcloggingduringsubsurfacewastewaterinfiltrationasaffectedbyeffluentcomposi-tionandloadingrate.J.Environ.Qual.,1987,16(2):181—187[11]RobertL.Siegrist,WilliamC.Boyle.Wastewater-in-ducedsoilcloggingdevelopment.J.Environ.Eng.,1987,113(3):550—566[12]DonaldB.Aulenbach,NieMeisheng.Studiesonthemechanismofphosphorusremovalfromtreatedwastew-aterbysand.J.WPCF,1988,60(12):2089—2094[13]MikaelPell,FredNyberg.Infiltrationofwastewaterinanewlystartedpilotsand-filtersystem:Ⅰ.Reductionoforganicmatterandphosphorus.J.Environ.Qual.,1989,8:451—475[14]MikaelPell,FredNyberg.Infiltrationofwastewaterinanewlystartedpilotsand-filtersystem:Ⅱ.Developmentanddistributionofthebacterialpopulations.J.Environ.Qual.,1989,8:457—462[15]MikaelPell,FredNyberg.Infiltrationofwastewaterinanewlystartedpilotsand-filtersystem:Ⅲ.Transforma-tionofnitrogen.J.Environ.Qual.,1989,8:457—462[16]F.J.Cook,F.M.Kelliher,etal.Changesininfiltra-tionduringwastewaterirrigationofahighlypermeablesoil.J.EnvironQual.,1994,23:476—482[17]Cameron,K.C.Issoilanappropriatedumpinggroundforourwastes.J.SoilRes.,1997,6:109—116[18]Baveye,P.Vandevivere,P.,etal.Environmentalim-pactandmechanismsofthebiologicalcloggingofsatu-ratedsoilsandaquifermaterials.CriticalRev.Environ.Sci.Tech.,1998,28:123—191[19]G.N.Magesan,J.C.Williamson,etal.WastewaterC∶Nratioeffectsonsoilhydraulicconductivityandpoten-tialmechanismsforrecovery.BioresourseTechnology,2000,71:21—27[20]USEPA.Processdesignmanual:landtreatmentofmu-nicipalwastewater,EPA625/1-81-013,1980[21],..,1999,12(3):4—7(责任编辑:刘 颖)(上接第77页)[12]Pilon-SmitsEAH.,deSouzaMP,HongG.,etal.Se-leniumvolatilizationandaccumulationbytwentyaquaticplantspecies.JournalofEnvironmentalQuality,1999,28(3):1011—1018[13],,..,1997,17(3):247—251[14]ShiomiN,KitohS.UseofAzollaasadecontaminantinsewagetreatment.Azollautilization.Manila,Philip-pines:InternationalRiceResearchInstitute,1987,169—176[15]ForniC,ChenJ,TancionilL,etal.EvaluationofthefernAzollaforgrowth,nitrogenandphosphorusremovalfromwastewater.WaterResearch,2001,35(6):1592—1598[16]ZhaoM,DuncanJR.BatchremovalofsexivalentchromiumbyAzollafiliculoides.Biotechnol.Appl.Biochem.,1997,26(3):179—182[17]ZhaoM,DuncanJR.Columnsorp