洱海近50a来沉水植被演替及其主要驱动要素

J．LakeSci．2013256854-861http//[e-mail]2013byJournalofLakeSciences50a*1211＊＊2113141430072233002933300294100012、、50、．、、1980s、、、．．SuccessionofsubmergedmacrophytecommunitiesinrelationtoenvironmentalchangeinLakeErhaioverthepast50yearsFUHui12YUANGuixiang1CAOTe1ZHONGJiayou2ZHANGXiaolin1GUOLonggen1ZHANGMeng3NILeyi1＆WANGShengrui41DonghuExperimentalStationofLakeEcosystemsStateKeyLaboratoryofFreshwaterEcologyandBiotechnologyInstitu-teofHydrobiologyChineseAcademyofSciencesWuhan430072P．Ｒ．China2JiangxiInstituteofWaterSciencesNanchang330029P．Ｒ．China3JiangxiAcadamyofEnvironmentalSciencesNanchang330029P．Ｒ．China4ChineseＲesearchAcademyofEnvironmentalSciencesBeijing100012P．Ｒ．ChinaAbstractBasedonthepast50yearsdatawemadeatime-seriesanalysisoftherelationshipsamongwaterqualityhydrologye．g．waterlevelfluctuationandsubmergedmacrophytesuccessione．g．speciescompositionbiomassandcoverageinLakeErhaiwiththeaimtoexploretheprimarydrivingfactorsforthesuccessionofsubmergedmacrophytecommunities．Theresultsin-dicatedthatsubmergedmacrophytecommunitieshadexperiencedphasesasexpendingsummitanddecline．Sincethe1980stheincreasingloadofexternalnutrientsdeteriorationofwaterqualityheavyalgalbloomsimplificationofsubmergedvegetationanddecreasedgrazingpressureofherbivalanimalshadfundamentallyimpactedontheevolutionanddistributionofthemacrophytecom-munitiesinthelake．Meanwhilethelargefluctuationofwaterlevelsacceleratedtheshiftfromaclear-waterstatetoaturbidonealongwithadrasticdeclineofsubmergedmacrophyteandextinctionofsomeendemicspecies．ThereforereducingtheexternalloadingofnutrientsandareasonablywaterlevelregulationaresuggestedasprioritiesforthemanagementandrestorationofLakeErhaiecosystem．KeywordsLakeErhaiwaterlevelfluctuationeutrophicationsubmergedmacrophytesuccession＊＊＊313003982012ZX[e-mail][e-mail]．50a85525°26'～25°58'N100°05'～100°18'E1-2．1973．7m249．8km210．5m20．7m25．4×108m32．75a3-5．2565km2、、、、、5．15．1℃2291．4h1033mm51087%11413%36．38761001678-9．7．10、11-12．713-15．N、P、、、16-19．19501420-22．50a、、、．、、、19922010、1952201020094201012．12、．113-15．1970s1970s110231985198810．1990sTN19920．2mg/L20060．7mg/L1ATP19920．012mg/L20030．035mg/L1BCODMn19941．4mg/L20053．46mg/L1CSD199220013．2m20021．5m1DChl．a199220012．76mg/L200212．8mg/L1EBOD520052．71mg/L1F．ⅡⅢ14-15．21950s、、41、2．1970s1990s60×104t201020×104t1970s1990s40%200310%1422261970s6～10m1980s9～10m1990s6m1426．856J．LakeSci．2013256119922010TNA、TPB、CODMnC、SDD、Chl．aE、BOD5F1524-2520022010619922001Chl．aFig．1VariationsofwaterqualityTNATPBCODMnCSDDChl．aEBOD5FinLakeErhaifrom1992to2010411960s1970s、1980s、1990s1998．Potamogetonpectinatus、NajasmarinaOtteliaacuminataHydrillaverticillataVallisnerianatans20Potamogetonmaackianus1．1501421-2226Tab．1SuccessionandcompositionofsubmergedmacrophytecommunitiesinLakeErhaioverthepast50years19571977、、19771986、198619981998、、1950s、、1970s、、Ceratophyllumdemersum50a85721421-2226Fig．2TemporalvariationsonbiomassofsubmergedvegetationinLakeErhaiL．3m10m226．1970s51181990s1412226．19955717、Phragmitesaustralis、Leersiahexandra1980s1421-2226．1980s．、377．56%．、Myriophyllumspicatum、Potamogetonlu-censPotamogetoncrispus5．14%．33．150．277．56%．．3．21980s40%8%．、、1927-28．3．32010．、ZannichelliapalustrisLinn．、、．．．416-18．1%～3%10%～20%29-30．3、、．．501、3．4．11950s31970s1974m1975m858J．LakeSci．2013256311-1219952010Fig．3TemporalvariationsofmeanwaterlevelabovesealevelofLakeErhai19771970s11-12．1980s19837131970．52m141971m1990s1972．5m11-12．1996、199820031523．2004《》1974．00m1974．31m1971．00m1972．61m．5219871994、、、、．、、、、．．1970s1980s．、1990s20032．2、、、1411-1221-2226Tab．2WaterlevelregulationsplantdistributionchangesinkeyspecieswaterlevelfluctuationandextremeeventsduringdifferenttemporalphasesinLakeErhai19521962＜3m、、196319774～7m、、、、、、、0．9m19781986、、、1970．52m14＜1971.00m19952002、、199619982003200520031．61m50a8594Fig．4AnnualvariationsonmeanwaterlevelduringdifferenttemporalphasesinLakeErhai911105764．1980s1970s1980s1990s2004511-1219952010Fig．5TemporalvariationsonamplitudeofwaterlevelfluctuationinLakeErhai20．．1980s1～2m51980s200020a1m20000～3m．1983、200320061m．19782m19830．75m60%30%10．20030．83m1972．6m1996、199810%．2004《》1971．00m1972．61m5720062004．．．4．219921998Ⅱ1993Ⅰ1999Ⅲ1999200910aⅢ2008ⅢⅡ152431．19922009．19920．2mg/L20060．7mg/L20012005．19924m20091．6m．1992—20001%8m200120034m2009．．6．504．1950s1960s．3m．860J．LakeSci．20132566ab1411-1221-2226Fig．6ＲelationshipsbetweenplantcoverageandwatertransparencyaspringwaterlevelbinLakeErhai1970s1980s．．1980s1990s．．1970s1980s．1997“”2621．21．．．．．．．、、、．51．．．．1989235-243．2．．1963587-113．3．．．．1989118-127．4．．．．198945-67．5．．．．50a8611989201-211．6．．．．1989136-152．7．．2011321-8．8．．19802113-141．9．．19879257-270．10．．199911123-128．11．．．．198993-99．12．．．．1989291-295．13．．．．1989153-160．14．．19924286-92．15．．2005371-73．16ChambersPAKaiffJ．Depthdistributionandbiomassofsubmersedaquaticmacrophytecommunitiesinrelationtosecchidepth．CanadianJournalofPlantScience198542701-709．17ChambersPAKalffJ．Lightandnutrientsinthecontrolofaquaticplantcommunitystructure．I．Insituexperiments．Journalof