分析在锌抑制下厌氧氨氧化厌氧氨氧化性能和污泥特性的革命

ENVIRONMENTALBIOTECHNOLOGYAnalyzingtherevolutionofanaerobicammoniumoxidation(anammox)performanceandsludgecharacteristicsunderzincinhibitionQian-QianZhang&Zheng-ZheZhang&QiongGuo&Jiao-JiaoWang&Hui-ZhongWang&Ren-CunJinReceived:24September2014/Revised:28October2014/Accepted:30October2014/Publishedonline:16November2014#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2014AbstractInthepresentstudy,theshort-andlong-termeffectsofZn(II)ontheanaerobicammoniumoxidation(anammox)performanceandsludgecharacteristicswereevaluated.TheanammoxactivitydecreasedwithincreasingZn(II)concen-trationandpre-exposuretimeinshort-termtests.Thehalfmaximalinhibitoryconcentration(IC50)ofZn(II)wasfoundtobe25.0mgL−1.The24and48-hpre-exposuretimewasarestrictedfactorimpactingtheanammoxactivity,andwashingtheinhibitedsludgewithbuffersolutiononlyworkedunder0and24-hpre-exposuretime.Theanammoxsludgecouldtolerate5mgL−1Zn(II)butwassuppressedat8mgL−1.Theinhibitedperformancecouldberemitted,asthecombina-tionstrategieswereapplied,andaftertheshorttermofrecov-eryperiod,theinhibitedsludgecharacteristicswereremittedtothenormal.KeywordsAnammox.Zn(II).Inhibition.Sludgecharacteristics.RecoveryIntroductionZinchasbeenwidelyusedinapplicationsincludingwoodpreservation,catalysis,galvanization,batteries,paints,plastics,rubbers,fertilizers,andherbicides(EPA2004);chiefly,Zn2+isfrequentlyfoundinwastewatergeneratedfromsteelmanufacturingusingoxygenfurnacesandhasnonbio-degradableproperties(Leeetal.2011).Forexample,theZn(II)concentrationsinactualinfluentofwastewatertreat-mentplantcouldreach0.01–1.28and0.02–0.38mgL−1,respectively,intheUSAandJapan(EPA2004;Yamagataetal.2010).Itwasreportedthatthequantityofzincinexcesssludgecouldreachashighas2170.6and2841.2mgkg−1drysludgeinsomemunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantofChina(Renetal.2007;Zengetal.2009).Formost,theconcentrationofzincinindustrialmainformetalplatingandrubbermanufacturingwasrespectively30–145and250–300mgL−1(Stankovicetal.2009;Subbiahetal.2000).However,indomesticsewage,thezincconcentrationwas0.1–5mgL−1(Davisetal.2001;Santosetal.2010).Inaddition,thezinclevelinswineandlandfillleachatewas1.5–30and0.05–1000mgL−1,respectively(Nicholsonetal.1999;Vanottietal.2007).SinceZn2+cannotbebiodegraded,itisconsideredapermanentpollutantandin-creasedadditionsofZn2+fromtheabovesourcesmayimpedenitrogencycling(RadnieckiandEly2008).Even,thezincandnitrogenespecialNH4+-Narefrequentlyco-existedinswine,landfillleachate,anddomesticsewage(Davisetal.2001;Nicholsonetal.1999;Santosetal.2010;Stankovicetal.2009;Subbiahetal.2000;Vanottietal.2007).Thus,thedischargeofthesewastewatersshouldbegivenabigchal-lengefortheenvironment.Since,thenitrogenremovalpro-cesswasurgentlyneeded.Anaerobicammoniumoxidation(anammox)processrep-resentsacost-effectivenitrogenremovalprocessfortreatmentofammonium-richwastewater,gettingrapidlyintroducedinpracticeworldwide,whichpermitssignificantsavingsinaer-ationenergy,noneedfororganiccarbonaddition,andalowersludgeproduction(vanderStaretal.2007).Duetothelimitofslowgrowthrate(doublingtimeofapproximately11days)ElectronicsupplementarymaterialTheonlineversionofthisarticle(doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6205-6)containssupplementarymaterial,whichisavailabletoauthorizedusers.Q.Q.Zhang:Z.Z.Zhang:Q.Guo:J.J.Wang:H.Z.Wang:R.C.Jin(*)CollegeofLifeandEnvironmentalSciences,HangzhouNormalUniversity,Hangzhou310036,Chinae-mail:[e-mail]:Z.Z.Zhang:Q.Guo:J.J.Wang:R.C.JinKeyLaboratoryofHangzhouCityforEcosystemProtectionandRestoration,HangzhouNormalUniversity,Hangzhou310036,ChinaApplMicrobiolBiotechnol(2015)99:3221–3232DOI10.1007/s00253-014-6205-6(Strousetal.1998)andsensibilityofthefunctionalconsortiatotheenvironmentconditions,especiallyforheavymetals,antibiotic,phenols,sulfide,andotherinhibitors(Bietal.2014;Jinetal.2012;Yangetal.2013),theapplicationofanammoxprocessforthetreatmentofthewastewatercontain-ingsuchinhibitorsisrestrained.Andeven,theanammoxactivitywiththeshort-andlong-termeffectsofCu(Lottietal.2012;Yangetal.2013),Hg(Bietal.2014;vandeGraafetal.1995;Jettenetal.1998),Ag(Bietal.2014),Cd,andPb(Bietal.2014)wasreportedbymanyresearchers.However,sofar,theeffectofzincontheanammoxprocesshasnotbeenwidelyissued.Theobjectivesofthecurrentstudywereasfollows:(i)toinvestigatetheshort-andlong-termeffectsofzincontheanammoxperformance,(ii)totracktheevolutionofthesludgecharactersunderdifferentzincinhibitionandrecoverypro-cess,and(iii)toevaluatetheapplicationofregulationtoolsinrecoveryperformance.MethodsSyntheticwastewaterandinoculumsTheanammoxbacteriawerecultivatedinanautotrophicenvironment,andthus,ammoniumandnitritewereaddedtothemineralmediumasneededintheformsof(NH4)2SO4andNaNO2,respectively,alongwithbicarbonate;traceelementswereintroducedintotheinfluentasnourishment.Thecom-positionofthesyntheticmediumwasaccordingtoYangandJin(2013).TheZn(II)wasaddedtothesyntheticwastewaterintheformofZnCl2·2H2Oasrequired.TheadditionalZn(II)mentionedbelowdidnotincludeZn(II)intraceelement.Theanammoxgranularsludgewithaspecificanammoxactivity(SAA)intherangeof5.18–16.6NO2−-Ng−1volatilesuspen