腐蚀学金属腐蚀学基础1

8243—Prelims—10/11/2006—18:40—CRCPAG—14180—XMLMODELB–pp.1–188243—Prelims—10/11/2006—18:40—CRCPAG—14180—XMLMODELB–pp.1–188243—Prelims—10/11/2006—18:40—CRCPAG—14180—XMLMODELB–pp.1–188243—Prelims—10/11/2006—18:40—CRCPAG—14180—XMLMODELB–pp.1–18PrefaceCorrosionisbothcostlyanddangerous.Billionsofdollarsarespentannuallyforthereplacementofcorrodedstructures,machinery,andcomponents,includingmetalroofing,condensertubes,pipelines,andmanyotheritems.Inadditiontoreplacementcostsarethoseassociatedwithpreventivemaintenancetopreventcorrosion,inspections,andtheupkeepofcathodicallyprotectedstructuresandpipelines.Indirectcostsofcorrosionresultfromshutdown,lossofefficiency,andproductcontaminationorloss.Althoughtheactualreplacementcostofanitemmaynotbehigh,thelossofproductionresultingfromtheneedtoshutdownanoperationtopermitthereplacementmayamounttohundredsofdollarsperhour.Whenatankorpipelinedevelopsaleak,productislost.Iftheleakgoesundetectedforaperiodoftime,thevalueofthelostproductcouldbeconsiderable.Inaddition,contaminationcanresultfromtheleakingmaterial,requiringcleanup,andthiscanbequiteexpensive.Whencorrosiontakesplace,corrosionproductsbuildup,resultinginreducedflowinpipelinesandreducedefficiencyofheattransferinheatexchangers.Bothconditionsincreaseoperatingcosts.Corrosionproductsmayalsobedetrimentaltothequalityoftheproductbeinghandled,makingitnecessarytodiscardvaluablematerials.Prematurefailureofbridgesorstructuresbecauseofcorrosioncanalsoresultinhumaninjuryorevenlossoflife.Failuresofoperatingequipmentresultingfromcorrosioncanhavethesamedisastrousresults.Whenallofthesefactorsareconsidered,itbecomesobviouswhythepotentialproblemofcorrosionshouldbeconsideredduringtheearlydesignstagesofanyproject,andwhyitisnecessarytoconstantlymonitortheintegrityofstructures,bridges,machinery,andequipmenttopreventprematurefailures.Tocopewiththepotentialproblemsofcorrosion,itisnecessarytounderstand1.Mechanismsofcorrosion2.Corrosionresistantpropertiesofvariousmaterials3.Properfabricationandinstallationtechniques4.Methodstopreventorcontrolcorrosion5.Corrosiontestingtechniques6.CorrosionmonitoringtechniquesCorrosionisnotonlylimitedtometallicmaterialsbutalsotoallmaterialsofconstruction.Consequently,thishandbookcoversnotonlymetallicmaterialsbutalsoallmaterialsofconstruction.8243—Prelims—10/11/2006—18:40—CRCPAG—14180—XMLMODELB–pp.1–18Chapter1andChapter2coverthemechanismsofcorrosionandtheeffectsofatmosphericcorrosion.Chapter3throughChapter27covermetallicmaterialsandtheiralloys.Corrosion’spotentialisdiscussedforeachmetaloralloy.Chartsareprovidedforthecompatibilityofeachmetaloralloywithselectedcorrodents.Referencesareprovidedforadditionalcompatibilitydata.Itistheintentionofthisbookthatregardlessofwhatisbeingbuilt,whetheritbeabridge,tower,pipeline,storagetank,orprocessingvessel,informationforthedesigner/engineer/maintenancepersonnel/orwhoeverisresponsiblefortheselectionofconstructionmaterial,thisbookwillenablethemtoavoidunnecessarylossofmaterialthroughcorrosion.PhilipA.Schweitzer8243—Prelims—10/11/2006—18:40—CRCPAG—14180—XMLMODELB–pp.1–18AuthorPhilipA.Schweitzerisaconsultantincorrosionprevention,materialsofconstruction,andchemicalengineeringbasedinYork,Pennsylvania.AformercontractmanagerandmaterialspecialistforChem-ProCorporation,Fairfield,NewJersey,heistheeditoroftheCorrosionEngineeringHandbookandtheCorrosionandCorrosionProtectionHandbook,SecondEdition;andtheauthorofCorrosionResistanceTables,FifthEdition;EncyclopediaofCorrosionTechnology,SecondEdition;MetallicMaterials;CorrosionResistantLiningsandCoatings;AtmosphericDegradationandCorrosionControl;WhatEveryEngineerShouldKnowAboutCorrosion;CorrosionResistanceofElastomers;CorrosionResistantPipingSystems;MechanicalandCorrosionResistantPropertiesofPlasticsandElastomers(alltitlesMarcelDekker,Inc.);andPaintandCoatings,ApplicationsandCorrosionResistance(Taylor&Francis).SchweitzerreceivedtheBChEdegree(1950)fromPolytechnicUniversity(formerlyPolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn),Brooklyn,NewYork.8243—Prelims—10/11/2006—18:40—CRCPAG—14180—XMLMODELB–pp.1–188243—Prelims—10/11/2006—18:40—CRCPAG—14180—XMLMODELB–pp.1–18ContentsChapter1FundamentalsofMetallicCorrosion.........................................11.1FormsofCorrosion......................................................................................21.1.1UniformCorrosion.........................................................................31.1.1.1PassiveFilmonIron.........................................................31.1.1.2PassiveFilmonNickel.....................................................41.1.1.3PassiveFilmonAusteniticStainlessSteel....................41.1.1.4PassiveFilmonCopper...................................................41.1.1.5PassiveFilmonAluminum............................................51.1.1.6PassiveFilmonTitanium................................................51.1.1.7PassiveFilmonTantalum...............................................51.1.1.8UniformCorrosionRates.................................................51.1.2IntergranularCorrosion..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