高速Anammox反应器中储存后回收流出的颗粒污泥

ORIGINALPAPERReactivationofeffluentgranularsludgefromahigh-rateAnammoxreactorafterstorageGuangFengYang•RenCunJinReceived:6February2012/Accepted:24April2012/Publishedonline:16May2012SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2012AbstractInthisstudy,effluentsludgefromahigh-rateAnammoxreactorwasusedtore-startnewAnammoxreactorsforthereactivationofAnammoxgranularsludge.Differentstart-upstrategieswereevaluatedinsixupflowanaerobicsludgeblanket(UASB)reactors(R1–R6)fortheireffectonnitrogenremovalperformance.Maximalnitrogenremovalrates(NRRs)greaterthan20kgN/m3/daywereobtainedinreactorsR3–R5,whichwereseededwithmixedAnammoxsludgepreviouslystoredforapprox-imately6monthsand1month.AmodifiedBoltz-mannmodeldescribingtheevolutionoftheNRRfittheexperimentaldatawell.AnamountofsludgeaddedtotheUASBreactorordecreasingtheloadingrateprovedeffectiveinrelievingthesubstrateinhibi-tionandincreasingtheNRR.ThemodifiedStover–KincannonmodelfitthenitrogenremovaldataintheAnammoxreactorswell,andthesimulationresultsshowedthattheAnammoxprocesshasgreatnitrogenremovalpotential.TheobservedinhibitionintheAnammoxreactorsmayhavebeencausedbyhighlevelsoffreeammonia.Thesludgeusedtoseedthereactorsdidnotsettlewell;sludgeflotationwasobservedevenafterthereactorswereoperatedforalongtimeatafloatingupwardvelocity(Fs)ofgreaterthan100m/h.Thesettlingsludge,however,exhibitedgoodsettlingproperties.Scanningelectronmicros-copyshowedthattheAnammoxgranulesconsistedmainlyofsphericalandellipticalbacteriawithabun-dantfilamentsontheirsurface.Hollowsinthegranuleswerealsopresent,whichmayhavecontrib-utedtosludgefloatation.KeywordsAnammoxStart-upGranularsludgeBiologicalnitrogenremovalModifiedStover–KincannonmodelAbbreviationsABFAnaerobicbiologicalfilterAnammoxAnaerobicammoniumoxidationANMRAnammoxnon-wovenmembranereactorCSTRContinuouslystirredtankreactorEPSExocellularpolymericsubstanceFAFreeammoniaFsFloatingupwardvelocityHRTHydraulicretentiontimeIANInfluentammoniumnitrogenINNInfluentnitritenitrogenNLRNitrogenloadingrateNRRNitrogenremovalratePRParentreactorR2CorrelationcoefficientElectronicsupplementarymaterialTheonlineversionofthisarticle(doi:10.1007/s10532-012-9554-9)containssupplementarymaterial,whichisavailabletoauthorizedusers.G.F.YangR.C.Jin(&)DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,HangzhouNormalUniversity,Hangzhou310036,People’sRepublicofChinae-mail:[e-mail]123Biodegradation(2013)24:13–32DOI10.1007/s10532-012-9554-9SAASpecificAnammoxactivitySBRSequencingbatchreactorSDStandarddeviationSEMScanningelectronmicroscopySSSuspendedsolidsSVI3030-minsludgevolumeindexSVI55-minsludgevolumeindexTEMTransmissionelectronmicroscopyUAGSBUpflowAnammoxgranularsludgebedUASBUpflowanaerobicsludgeblanketUBFUpflowbiofilterVsSettlingvelocityVSSVolatilesuspendedsolidsIntroductionWastewaterfromsewers,laboratoriesandfactoriescontributestowaterpollution.Mostwastewatercontainsnitrogenousmatter.Thecontaminationofwastewaterandwaterbodiesbynitrogen-containingcompounds,suchasammonium,whichistoxictoaquaticorganismsandcontributestotheeutrophicationoflakes,rivers(Mussatietal.2002)andoceans,isaserioushealthandenvironmentalhazard.Nitrogenremovalhasattractedconsiderableattentionforwastewatertreatment.How-ever,conventionalbiologicalnitrogenremoval(i.e.,nitrification–denitrification)islimitedbythehighoperationalcostofusinglargeamountsofoxygenandexogenouscarbonsources(Maetal.2011).Theanaerobicammoniumoxidation(Anammox)processisaninnovativebiologicalnitrogenremovalprocessthatoffersanalternativetotraditionalnitrifi-cation–denitrificationprocesses(Qiaoetal.2009).TheAnammoxprocesshasseveraladvantagesovertradi-tionalnitrogenremoval,includinghighernitrogenremovalrates(NRRs),loweroperationalcost,andsmallerspacerequirements(Jettenetal.2005;Abmaetal.2007;vanderStaretal.2007;Jossetal.2009).Underanaerobicconditions,autotrophicAnammoxbacteriausenitriteasanelectronacceptortooxidizeammoniumtonitrogengas(Strousetal.1998).SincetheinitialdiscoveryoftheAnammoxpathwayinadenitrifyingreactorin1995(Mulderetal.1995),variousstudieshaveaddressedthemajorproblemsthatexistwithusingtheAnammoxprocess.Manyoftheseproblemshavebeenovercome(vanHulleetal.2010).However,thestart-upoftheAnammoxprocessremainschallenging,asAnammoxbacteriaexhibitalowgrowthrate(thedoublingtimeisapproximately11days)andlowbiomassyield(0.11g-volatilesuspendedsolids(VSS)/g-NH4?–N)(Strousetal.1998,1999a;ChamchoiandNitisoravut2007;Schmidtetal.2003;vanderStaretal.2007).Thesuccessfulstart-upofanAnammoxprocessusuallytakesseveralmonths,orevenyears.Forexample,thestart-upperiodforthefirstfull-scaleAnammoxprocessdevelopedinRotterdam,theNetherlandsrequiredmorethan3years(vanderStaretal.2007).SludgewithahighabundanceofactiveAnammoxbacteriashouldbeusedtoseedAnammoxreactorsandtoacceleratethestart-upfortheAnammoxprocess.Varioustypesofsludge,suchasactivatedsludge(Araujoetal.2011;Shenetal.2012),nitrifyingsludge(Dateetal.2009),denitrifyingsludge,anaerobicdigestersludge(Tsushimaetal.2007),methanogenicgranules(Tangetal.2010a),andevenrejectwaterwithoutusingseedingsludge(Zekkeretal.2012)canbeusedtoestablishtheAnammoxprocess