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陈建1,韩小波2,丁登山1,金洪钧3(1,210093;2,200237;3,210093):,,COD,,,/,/:;;;;;:P732;G35311:A:1001-6791(2007)04-0614-09:2005-11-10;:2006-02-20:(1969-),,,,E-mail:chenjian69@msncom,,,,,,,,,,1,10,(),[1],,,,,,(),[2],,,,,,,2000,,80%,,,,18420077ADVANCESINWATERSCIENCEVol18,No4Jul.,2007,,COD,,2/(),(measuredenvironmentalconcentration,MEC)(predictedenvironmentalconcentration,PEC)(predictednoeffectconcentration,PNEC),,()(riskquotient,RQ),RQ=MECPECPNEC,11(),;1(),,:RQ1:RQ1:,,,(,),,:(/)RQ1,RQ1,:(/)RQ1,,RQ1,(refinedriskassessment,RRA),,,,:/;,,,,(retrospectiveriskassessment,RRA)(prospectiveriskassessment,PRA),,,[3]6154:3/31/,,,,/,,20,/,[4~6](1)01%,01%;,(2)/,,(3)/,/(4),,,,/(),,,COD/,32/01%,,,/,,,,(criterionmaximumconcentration,CMC)(criterioncontinuousconcentration,CCC),,/,,(),,10,[7~10],,,,616184/41,(1)(ecologicalsurvey),,,,,,,,[5](2)(ecotoxicityassay),(bioassay),,()(toxicitytesting,TT)2050,,,/[5,11],,:,;,20,,42//(wholeeffluents)//,/,,,/,/,/[11,12]421北美1983,(),/,,19843(NationalPolutantDischargeEliminationsystem,NPDES),/,/,/,/,,//,/(toxicityreduction),1984~19861484,/,,/1988,6000,,6174:,[5],,,,,/,,10~100,,1971,[6]422欧洲1996//64,12//(NOEC),/(PNEC),/(PEC)PNECPEC,//,/,(,PECPNEC),,/12,/,,/[13,14]5//,/,/(),/,///,51/,//,,,/,/,/,,/,,,/,,,/,,,,/,/,,/,/[5,16]6181852/2090,,(toxicityidentificationevaluation,TIE),[16~20]/,,,,,,,/,///,,/,/,,//,pH/,,/,,,,//,//,/TIE[13,14],TIE,,,,,,[21~26]6/10,,,,//,,,,,2090,/,/,/(wholeeffluenttoxicityap-proach)[5,16~19],(directtoxicityassessmentapproach)[11~15,20]/,,,,,/[27]16194:1/Table1Keydifferencesintheregulationofdischargesbychemica-lspecificmonitoringandecotoxicityassay-////(15~30)(3~4)/,,,,/,2,,,,,/2/Table2Conditionsfavoringchemica-lspecificmonitoringorecotoxicityassayforregulatingdischarges/1122,,3344,557,,,/,/,,,/COD(),,,,,/,,,,,,,/[13],/,,,,62018:[1]HedgecottS.PrioritizationandStandardsforHazardChemicals[M].HandbookofEcotoxicologyVolume2EditedbyPCalow,Oxford,Black-wellscientificPublications,1994.368-393.[2]WuRSS.Eutrophication,WaterBornePathogensandXenobioticCompounds:EnvironmentalRickandChallenge[J].MarinePollutionBu-lletin,1999,39(1-12):11-12.[3]USEPA.GuidelinesforEcologicalRiskAssessment,RiskAssessmentForum[M].WashingtonDC,USA,USEnvironmentalProtectionAgen-cy,1998.1-24.[4]JinHJ.EcotoxicologicalMonitoringofMajorIndustrialEffluentsinNanjing,China[A].USEPA,FishPhysiology,ToxicologyandWaterQualityManagement[C].WashingtonDCUSA;USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,1994.99-107.[5]ThomasNA.UseofBiomonitoringtoControlToxicsintheUnitedStates[J].WatSciTech,1988,10:101-108.[6],,.[J].,2002,28(2):47-51.[7]ZhangT,JinHJ.QualityCriteriaofAcrytonitrilefortheProtectionofAguaticLifeinChina[J].Chemosphere,1996,32(10):2083-2093.[8]JinHJ,DerivingFreshwaterQualityCriteriafor2,4-DichlorophenolforProtectionofAquaticLifeinChina[A].USEPA,FishPhysiology,ToxicologyandWaterQualityManagement[C].WashingtonDC:USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,1997.151-162.[9]ZhangT,JinHJ.AquaticToxicityofAcetonitrileanditsWaterQualityCriteriafortheProtectionofAquaticLifeinChina[J].IntJEnviron-mentandPollution,2001,15(5):568-575.[10]YinDQ,JinHJ.DerivingFreshwaterQualityCriteriafor2,4,6-trichlorophenolforProtectionofAquaticLifeinChina[J].Chemosphere,2003,52:67-73.[11]WharefeJR,TinsleyD.TheToxicity-BasedConsentandTheWiderApplicationofDirectToxicityAssessmenttoProtectAquticLife[J].JoftheCharteredInstitutionofWaterandEnvironmentalManagement,1995,9:526-530.[12]WhitehouseP.AquaticToxicityTestsfortheControlofEffluentDischargeintheUK-theinfluenceoftestPrecision[J].Ecotoxicology,1996,5:155-168.[13]UKEnvironmentAgency.Toxicity-BasedConsentsPilotStudy,R&DTechnicReportP23[M].BristolUK:UKEnvironmentAgency,1996.1-36.[14]UKEnvironmentAgency.DirectToxicityAssessment(DTA)MethodsGuidelines,R&DNote322[M].BristolUK:UKEnvironmentAgency,1996.1-45.[15]ForrowD.DischargeControlintheUKusingDirectToxicityAssessmentoftheWholeEffluent:ApproachesandProblems[A].JinHJ,Pro-ceedingoftheInternationalSymposiumonWaterPollutionControl[C].Nanjing:NanjingUniversity,1999.18-24.[16]AmatoJR,MountDI,DurbanEJ.AnExampleoftheIdentificationofDiazinonasaPrimaryToxicantinanEffluent[J].EnvironmentalToxicityandChemistry,1992,11:209-216.[17]USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.MethodsforAquaticToxicityIdentificationEvaluations:PhaseToxicityCharacterizationProcedures[M].DuluthMN:EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,1991.1-84.[18]USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.MethodsforAquaticToxicityIdentificationEvaluations:PhaseToxicityIdendificationProceduresforSamplesExhibitingAcuteandChronicToxicity[M].DuluthMN:EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,1993(a).1-90.[19]USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.MethodsforAquaticToxicityIdentificationEvaluations:PhaseToxicityConformationProceduresforSamplesExhibitingAcuteandChronicToxicity[M].DuluthMN:EnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,1993(b).1-196.[20]DoiJ.ComplexMixturesinHandbookofEcotoxicology[M].Oxford:BlackwellScientificPublications,1994.289-310.[21]YangL,YuHX,JinHJ.ApplicationoftheSimplifiedToxicityIndentificationEvaluationProcedurestoaChemicalWorksEffluent[J].Chemosphere,1999,38(15):3571-3577.[22]Yan