海水池塘养殖模式优化概念原理与方法王岩1

285200410　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　JOURNALOFFISHERIESOFCHINA　　　　　　　　　　Vol.28,No.5　Oct.,2004　:1000-0615(2004)05-0568-05··:2003-02-28:　(1965-),,,,Tel:[phone],E-mail:[e-mail]:、王　岩(,　200090):;;:S967.4　　　:AOptimizationofculturemodelinseawaterpond:concepts,principlesandmethodsWANGYan(CollegeofAqua-lifeScienceandTechnology,ShanghaiFisheriesUniversity,Shanghai　200090,China)Abstract:Currentlyusedseawaterpondculturemodelsareevaluated,andprinciplesandmethodsinoptimizingpondculturemodelarediscussedinthepresentpaper.Theauthorindicatesthatapplicationofthetraditionalpolyculturehasbeenlimitedinsinglepond.Inputtednutrientssuchasfeedandfertilizercan'tbeefficientlyutilizedbyanimalsculturedinapondwiththetraditionalpolyculture,resultinginhugewastedischarge,whichisregardedasapollutionsourcetocoastalregions.Theauthorsuggestsitshouldbepossibletoputseveralseawaterpondswithdifferentstockingstructurestogetherandoptimizestockingandmanagementsystemically.Comparedwiththetraditionallypolyculturedseawaterponds,ecologicalbenefitsandnutrientstransportinthesystemicallyoptimizedpondswouldbeamplified.Theproductionperformanceofthesystemicallyoptimizedponds,therefore,wouldbeincreasedandtheirpollutionwouldbereduced.Keywords:seawaterpond;polyculture;systemicallyoptimizedponds　　,,[1-6]。[5-8],,,,。,。1　(extensiveculture)、(semi-intensiveculture)(intensiveculture)3,Kinne[9]:、、、、,、,,;,、,,。,()、[10-12]。(monoculture)(polyculture),(feeding)(fertilizing)[13,14]。,,,。,,、;、,、、、、;,、、、;,、、、;、,、、;,、、、[14]。2　2.1　,,、、、、、、、、。[10,11],。2070,[11,12]。,,[12,15,16],,[12]。2090,,:(1):[17]、[18]、[19]、[20]、[21]、[22][23];(2):[11]、[10,11][24];(3):[25];(4):[26];(5):[27]。2.2　,,,,,。,,,,,。:(1),,,;(2),、,,。,“”,“”。,,、[28,29],“”。3　3.1　、,()。。:(1),,。,20%～30%,40%[30-33],,、、[2-4]。,。,、[34];(2),,。2070,,“”[35]。“”:[36-38],、[39]。、、,,,。,(),、、、、。,,,PO4-P5695　　　　　　　　　　　　　::、(TP),,[31,39]。,、。2080(HND),[40]。、[14],[10]。[39],[41]。,。3.2　“”,[42][12,43];[12][44];-[45,46],、95%[45];[47,48]。2.23.1,,。,:,,“”。“”:(1)。“”“”“”。“”,,,,,、、;“”,,,“”,。(2),,,。“”“”,。(3),,、。,“”,,,,,“”,,。,:,,“”,。:[1]　SmithSV,HollibaughJT.Carbon-controllednitrogencyclinginamarine“macrocosm”:anecosystem-scalemodelformanagingculturaleutrophication[J].MarEcolProSer,1989,52:103-109.[2]　HallPO,AndersonLG,HolbyO,etal.ChemicalfluxesandmassbalancesinamarinefishcagefarmI.Carbon[J].MarEcolProSer,1990,61:61-73.[3]　HolbyO,HallPO.ChemicalfluxesandmassbalancesinamarinefishcagefarmII.Phosphorus[J].MarEcolProSer,1992,70:263-272.[4]　HallPO,HolbyO,KollbergS,etal.ChemicalfluxesandmassbalancesinamarinefishcagefarmIV.Nitrogen[J].MarEcolProSer,1992,89:81-91.[5]　BraatenB.ImpactofpollutionfromaquacultureinsixNordiccountries.Releaseofnutrients,effects,andwastewatertreatment[J].AquacultureandEnvironment,1992,16:79-101.[6]　DvirO,vanRijn,NeoriA.Nitrogentransformationsandfactorsleadingtonitriteaccumulationinahypertrophicmarinefishculturesystem[J].MarEcolProSer,1999,181:97-106.[7]　GowenRJ.Managingeutrophicationassociatedwithaquaculturedevelopment[J].JApplIchthyol,1994,10:242-257.[8]　CloernJE.Ourevolvingconceptualmodelofthecoastaleutrophicationproblem[J].MarEcolProSer,2001,210:223-253.[9]　KinneO.Marineecology,acomprehensive,integratedtreatiseonlifeinoceanandcoastalwaters,VolIIICultivation,Part3[M].London:JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,1979.1321-1390.570　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　28[10]　SinhaVRP,SrivastavaHC.Aquacultureproductivity[M].London:MohanPrimlaniforOxfordandIBHPubilishingCoPutLtd,1991.33-47,201-211.[11]　FastAW,LesterLJ.Developmentsinaquacultureandfisheriesscience,marineshrimpculture:principlesandpractices[M].Amstedam:ElsevierSciencePublishers,1992.345-353.[12]　PullinRSV,RosenthalH,MacleanJL.Environmentandaquacultureindevelopingcountries[C].Malaysia:ICLARMConfProc,1993.171-179.[13]　ZhangYZ,TanYJ,OuyangH.PondcultureoffishesinChina[M].Beijing:SciencePress,1989.318-386.[,,.[M].:,1989.318-386.][14]　LiuJK,HeBW.CultivationoftheChinesefreshwaterfishes(3rd)[M].Beijing:SciencePress,1992.185-256,343-380.[,.()[M].:,1992.185-256,343-380.][15]　AQUACOP.ReviewoftenyearsofexperimentalpenaeidshrimpcultureinTahitiandNewCaledonia(SouthPacific)[J].JWorldAquacultSoc,1984,15:73-91.[16]　AllanGL,MaguireGB.EffectsofwaterexchangeonproductionofMetapenacusmacleayiandwaterqualityinexperimentalpools[J].JWorldAquacultSoc,1993,24(3):321-328.[17]　GuoXT.TechniquesforpolycultureofPanaeidshrimpandbayscallop[J].ChinaFisheries,1989,(12):33.[.[J].,1989,(12):33.][18]　ZhangQX,LiSK.Apreliminarydiscussionontechniquesforpolycultureofshrimpandoyster[J].MarFish,1990,12(1):27.[,.[J].,1990,12(1):27.][19]　WuSJ.TechniquesforpolycultureofTegillarcagranosainshrimpponds[J].FishSci,1991:35-37.[.[J].,1991:35-37.][20]　XuXJ,YuanM.TechniquesforpolycultureofMeretrixmeretrixinshrimpponds[J].JAquac,1991,(5):2-3.[,.[J].,1991,(5):2-3.][21]　YanXQ.PreliminarystudiesonsurvivalofScapharcabroughtoniiculturedinshrimppondsduringthesummerandwinter[J].FishSci,1992,11(7):8-10.[.[J].,1992,11(7):8-10.][22]　ChenJC,KongLB.TechniquesforpolycultureofSinonovaculaconstrictainshrimpponds[J].MarSci,1992,(5):5-6.[,.[J].,1992,(5):5-6.][23]　YueZF,LiuSS,ZhangH,eta