18420094ResourcesandEnvironmentintheYangtzeBasinVol.18No.4Apr.2009 :1004-8227(2009)04-0384-13———刘丛强1,汪福顺2,王雨春3,王宝利1(1.,550002;2.,201800;3.,100038) :,“”、,、。,-。,,、()、、。,。:;;;:A 。,90%。(C、N、P、Si)[1~3]。,(、)。:,[4]。,2080,。,。,,-[5],[6~12]。,25%[8,13]。,[14]。,“”,:LOICZ/SCOPE、NASQAN。、。,,,。1 20,。:1998,15m42000。800000,[15]。:2008-07-30;:2008-11-12:(90610037,40721002):(1955~ ),,,,.E-mail:liucongqiang@vip.skleg.cn 1,1950。50km2,1/3。7×104m3,98%。4×104m3,10%①。,31%,21%[13]。1 (5m)Fig.1 LargeDamsintheWorld,14.4×104kWh/a,47%,(20%)。(),,。24%,60%。79.6%,32.2%,,11.4%,8.5%。,,。(),,、、、。,。,“”,“”(RiverContinuumConcept,RCC)[16][17](FloodPulseConcept,FPC)“”。2 “”。“”。700%。,1。。,16~26。,60[18]。,、[19]。,[20]。2.1 、、,[13]。“”。,、、、。,,,,(、)[21,22]。,、,。,,“”“”。,`',,、[23~25]。:、。:(TN)(PN);(TP)80%①. 4 :———(PP)[1,26]。,。[1,2,27]),[28~33]。[34]。2.2 ,“”。,,“”。,“”[35]。“”“”。,、。、,(/、、),。/,,、、、、、、/、[13,36~39]。,“”。,。,()(),。,。2.2.1 水库的界面反应、。,。,,(,)。,。2。2,,。。2 、Fig.2 Physical,ChemicalandBiologicalStratificationinWujiangduReservoir(Spring)386 18 DensimetricFroude(F):F=320(L/D)(Q/V),L=(m),D=(m),Q=(m3/s),V=(m3)。F1,。F,。F1,[40]。(-、-、、-)。-,[41]。,,,(,)、、[42~48]。[49~52]。,:,,。,、、。,。2.2.2 水环境演变与水生生态系统演化,、,“”“”[53~55]。。。、、。,,,。:,。,,(3)。。(PE-richPcy)-(Euk)-(PC-richPcy):10,PE-richPcy;20,EukPC-richPcy;30,PC-richPcy([56])。3 Fig.3 DistributionofPhytoplanktoninReservoirsinWujiangBasin,,,。、,[19,57~59]。,,“”[48,60]。2.3 ,。。,,,。,。,、()[21,22]。,,。,387 4 :———。,,(、),,、、[19]。3 ,、、,。,()。,-、,。3.1 ,。,,[50,51,61~63]。,,CO2;CH4。:12%,90%[49]。,,。:(1),;(2)CO2CH4;(3)。。,[64]。:。CO2CH4。CO2CH4,CO2,CO2CH4。Aberg(2003)CO2,CO2,[65]。,CO2,CH4。、、、、,CO2CH4,220~4460mg/(m2·d)(CO2)3~1140mg/(m2·d)(CH4)[49]。,。,CO2,710mg/(m2·d)(CO2)[66]。Kienen(1991)CH490%[67]。,CH4CO2,CH4CO220[62],CH4。,,[51,63,64]。。,10CO2,6~8[68]。,:10,PetitSaut,3。[69]。,。,,,。,。,。,CO2CH4。388 18 :5mCH41~35~20μL/L;4005600μL/L①。[69]。Guérin,CH49%~33%,CO27%~25%。CH4()[63]。DelmasCH480%,3000mg/L[70]。,CH4CH4。3.2 ,C、N、P、Si/,,[5~7,9,15,71,72]。,,[73~75];,,。,。,、,[76]。,。3.2.1 淹没植被的营养盐再生、。,。,。。:Kremenchug,,,75%,53%。,[19,76]。Campo:RíoNegro346,34%71%。,,。3.2.2 营养盐的拦截效应,、。。,,,。:。,。,[6,47,77,78]。,。,。,。(1)(),(),Redfield(106C∶15N∶1P),。。Kawara:14[79]。。Kootena2,,。,[57]。Jossette3:60%[47]。2%~7%13%~42%,[80]。Palmones,25%[81]。Teodoru,10%[74]。389 4 :———①.,2002:106.:,。()-。,,(4)。4 ()Fig.4 DammingEffectofDissolvedInorganicPhosphorusintheMiaotiaoheCumulativeDams(Summer),。,[82]。Paul,80%,60%。,25%[73]。(2)、、、,/。N、P,、。,N、P,[83]。。,、。60%,[8],25%[84]。,,、、,,。80%[85],、。,[5]。,。(5)①。,[18,47,73,78~90]。5 Fig.5 HistoricalChangesinDissolveSiO2ConcentrationoftheDatongStationontheMainstreamofChangjiangRiver,“”。Jossette50%[47]。Humborg:,,(6)。6 [10]Fig.6 CorrelationBetweentheReservoirLiveStorageandDissolvedSiConcentration①.(1962~1984).390 18 。Humborg(1997)Nature:60,。60×104t[6]。,。Friedl(2004):4%,[77]。Teodoru[75]。:①,;②,。,。,。,,。3.2.3 营养盐再生矿化。,。,,(、)、,。Cole(1994)1835,87%CO2,,[91]。-、。,。。,,,。,。Mozeto(2001)Guarapiranga:NH+4278~339mg/(cm·a);(SRP)8~18mg/(cm·a)。N、P47%~70%10%~24%[92]。,:,,。7(,,)。7 ()()Fig.7 ReleasingCharacteristicsofPhosphorusfromSedimentsofWujiangduandDongfengReservoirs,(1974)(1992),,。,。1。1 -Tab.1 DiffusionFluxesofNutrientsBetweenSediment-waterInterfaceofWujiangduandDongfengReservoirs(mg/m2·d)2003-122004-042004-07PO4-PDSi(SiO2)0.180.100.092.463.081.9538.4471.3175.60121.21108.36272.61 ,、391 4 :———、。,。3.2.4 生源要素比例变化,,[9,88]。,Si∶N[93,94]。。Si、N、P16∶16∶1。。[11,95,96]。;-/。-[88]。,。。、[75]。,。8:,(、)Si∶PN∶P。(),Si∶PN∶P。,N∶P。Redfield(),Si∶N1,1,。Si∶PN∶PRedfield(Si∶N∶P=16∶16∶1),。,Si∶N1,。,。8 ()Fig.8 MolarRatioChangesBetweenNutrientsAlongtheSixCumulativeReservoirsofMaotiaoheDrainageBasin392 18 4 ,。,[35],。20。、。,“”[5,97,98]。,,、、、,,,“”。、,。,、,。;、。,,。,。:[1] MEYBECKM.Carbon,nitrogen,andphosphorustransportbyworldrivers[J].AmericanJournalofScience,1982,282:401~405.[2] ITTEKKOTV.Globaltrendsinthenatureoforganicmatterintheriversuspensions[J].Nature,1988,332:436~438.[3] SCHLESINGERWH,MELACKJM.Transportoforganiccarbonintheworld'srivers[J].Tellus,1981,33:172~187.[4] ,, ,.,Ⅰ.[M].:,2000.[5] ITTEKKOTV,HUMBORGC,SCHFERP.Hydrologicalalterationsandmarinebiogeochemistry:Asilicateissue?[J].Bioscience,2000,50(9):776~782.[6] HUMBORGC,ITTEKKOTV,COCIASUA.EffectofDanubeRiverdamonBlackSeageochemistryandecosystemstructure[J].Nature,1997,386:385~388.[7] MILLIMANJD.Blesseddamsordamneddams?[J].Nature,1997,386:325~326.[8] HUMBORGC,CONLEYDJ,RAHML,etal.Siliconretentioninriverbasins:Far-reachingeffectsonbiogeochemistryandaquaticfoodwebsincoastalmarineenvironments[J].Ambio,2000,29(1):45~50.[9] KELLYVJ.Influenceofreservoirsonsolutetransport:aregional-scaleapproach[J].HydrologicalProcesses,2001,15:1227~1249.[10] HUMBORGC,BLOMQVISTS,AVSANE,etal.HydrologicalalterationswithriverdamminginnorthernSweden:Implicationsforweatheringandriverbiogeochemistry[J].GlobalBiogeochemicalCycles,2002,16(3):211~213.[11] HUMBORGCM,PASTUSZAK,AIGARSJ,etal.Decreasedsilicaland-seafluxesthroughdammingintheBalticSeacatchment