湖泊富营养化发生机制与控制技术及其应用秦伯强

511620068(,210008;,210093;,100085.E-mail:[e-mail]).70%.,,..,,,.,(),,,,,,.,..,,.,.,.,,.,,.,1km22759,91019km2,0.95%,,,60%~70%,[1]..,.,,,..,,,.,.,.20,[2].,,,..,,,,..“·”,,,.1,.?,,.,,,,..,5116200681858(C,N,PS)δ13Cδ15N..,,,.227.227(ELA,ExperimentalLakeArea)5hm2..1967,NP..Leavitt[3]227,,1.227,.2050~60,StocknerBensonA/C,[4];Wetzel[5],Pretty..δ13C,[6].300[7,8].,1770~18151906,2.2050,,,[8];,2050,,,120µg/L,,,,.,90µg/L[8,9],[10].,.,..,,[11](Dokulill,),,(,1(Leavitt[3])(Dinoflagellatecarotenoids)(,)(Nonchitinouszooplankton(copepods,rotifers))(Sedimentaccumulationrate)(Carotenoidsfromcryptophytes,siliceousalgae)(AlgaeMicrofossils)()(ChitinousCladocera(e.g.,Bosmina))(Carotenoidsfromchlorophytesandcyanobacteria)(Ubiquitouspigments(e.g.β-carotene,pheophytinα))511620068),,,,.,.,,,.2,.Wingra,10cm23%,10cm30cm74%,[12].,,60%,[13].[14].,.,70%[5].,,.,.()[5]..pH[15~18],,;pH,pH(2),,pH9,[16,18].,,,,pH,[19].,,[15].,pH(Eh)[20].,,..(,,70%),[21~25].,4.5mg/L17.0mg/L,1.0µg/L2.5µg/L[26].Apopka(125km2,1.7m)(TP0.186mg/L;TN4.488mg/L;Chl-a0.106mg/L)[23].[24].[23],8cm(SRP).,8cm.Okeechobee,[27].Arresø(41km2,2.9m),20~30,,TP[25].,,(SRP),.,[22],,[28],,,.,,.,,.ConstanceSøbygård.Constance5116200681860(TP)80µg/L20µg/L,[29~31];Søbygård,,,,,[32,33].,,,,.,..,[34],.3.,.,.,,.(Microcystis)(Anabaena)(Oscillatoria)(Aphanizomenon),(Melosira).,,[35],[36],.,.,,.,,,[21,37],,[38].,[39],,,,.;,N/P,Smith1983N/P29[40],,N/P29,[41].35(23),N/P13~35,N/P13[42]..,(piscivores)(planktivores)[43],,.Shapiro1975,[44~48].RoundLepomismacrochirusMicropterussalmoidesStizostedionvitreum,,,,,,[45].,,,[49],[50,51].,[52],().HypophthalmichthysmolitrixAristichthysnobilis,46~50g·m−3,2080[52~54].,,.,,,.511620068[55,56].,pH,.,.(),,..,[57],,,Fe-P,,[58~61];.,pH9,(Fe-P),;pH(9),,.(),.,10%~15%.(),.,,,.,,Veluwe[62].,,.,.,,[63].,pH,.,,,,,,,,,[64];,,,,,[64].,Bachmann[65](DynamicRatio,).Schauser[66],.(),a.,,,[67].,(DO),COD.5116200681862[68].,.()[69]().,,,[70].,.,,,.“·”“”.,TNTP[71,72].4.2,,[73,74].,,,[75].,,,..Scheffer,[62].,,(Resilience),,,[76].Veluwe,(),,,.,,,,(1)[77].,().Veluwe,,(~0.15mg/L),,(Perturbation);,,(~0.08mg/L),.,[78].,,.,50%,90%[79].,;,,,Apopka[65]Ellesmere[80~82].511620068[11]Tamnaren[83,84]Rice[85].,,Zwemlust[86,87][88].,.2090,.[89][90,91][92].,.,[92].,,,.,,,(Collapse).,,.,,,,,,,.,.[78].5,.,,[93].,,..,,,.,.,,,,.,,,,.,,,,.,.,..,.,.,.,.,Okeechobee,,,[94].,.,,,.,,,,.,.,,,,.,.,,,,5116200681864“”.,,.,.,,,.,.()().,,,,..,,..,.,,,,.,,,.,.,.(:KXCZ1-SW-12)(:2002AA601011).1,..:,1998.3212..,2002,14(3):1932023LeavittPR,HannBJ,SmolJP,etal.Paleolimnologicalanalysisofwholelakeexperiments:anoverviewofresultsfromExperi-mentalLakesAreaLake227.CanadJFisheryAquaticSci,1994,51:232223324StocknerJG,BensonWW.ThesuccessionofdiatomassemblagesintherecentsedimentofLakeWashington.LimnolOceanogr,1967,12:5135325WetzelRG.Limnology,LakeandRiverEcosystems.London,AcademyPress,2001.2452606,,,..,1998,10(2):17227,,,.0.3ka.,D,2001,31(12):103110388,,,..,D,2005,35(),45549,,..,2004,16(4):29830410JeppesenE,JensenJP,KristensenP,etal.Fishmanipulationasalakerestorationtoolinshallow,eutrophictemperatelakes1:cross-analysisofthreeDanishcase-studies.Hydrobiologia,1990,61:20521811HavensKE,JinKR,RoduskyAJ,etal.Hurricaneeffectsonashallowlakeecosystemanditsresponsetoacontrolledmanipula-tionofwaterlevel.SciWorld,2001,1:447012IsirimahNO,KeeneyDR,Dettmann.NitrogencyclinginLakeWingra.JEnvironQual,1976,5:18218813XieL,XieP.Long-term(1956~1999)dynamicsofphosphorusinashallow,subtropicalChineselakewiththepossibleeffectsofcyanobacterialblooms.WaterRes,2002,36:34334914VollenweiderRA.ScientificFundamentalsoftheEutrophicationofLakesandFlowingWaters,withParticularReferencetoNitro-genandPhosphorusasFactorsinEutrophication.OECDReportNo.DAS/CSI/68.27,Paris,1968,192;Annex,21;Bibliography,6115MortimerCH.ChemicalExchangesbetweenSedimentsandWaterintheGreatLakes-Speculationsonprobableregulatorymecha-nisms.LimnolOceanogr,1971,16(2):38740416MoorePA,ReddyKR.RoleofEhandpHonphosphorusgeo-chemistryinsedimentsofLakeOkeechobee,Florida.JEnvironQual,1994,23:95596417,,,..,1994,7(4):121918,,,..,1996,15(1):151919..,D,2005,35():112320,,,..:,200421,,,..,2003,48(17):1822183122,,..,2005,50(1):667123CarrickHJ,AldridgeFJ,SchelskeCL.Windinfluencesphyto-planktonbiomassandcompositioninashallow,productivelake.LimnolOceanogr,1993,38:1179119224ReddyKR,FisherMM,IvanoffD.Resuspensionanddiffusivefluxofnitrogenandphosphorusinahypereutrophiclake.JEnvi-ronQual,1996,25:36337125SøndergaardM,KristensenP,JeppesenE.Phosphorusreleasefromresuspendedsedimentintheshallowandwind-exposedLakeArreso,Denmark.Hydrobiologia,1992,228:919926RobartsRD,WaiserMJ,HadasO,etal.Relaxationofphospho-511620068(6):1023103527CcanfieldDEJr,HoyerMV.TheeutrophicationofLakeOkee-cho