高考英语二轮复习--名词和冠词

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一、基础保分类考点——这些语法较简单,以练促学把分捡第1~6讲第1讲名词和冠词[特别说明]本讲主要涉及名词的单复数和所有格,有关名词的词性转换将在“第6讲构词法”中具体讲解。语法填空题对名词的考查主要包括名词的单复数和所有格,以及给出动词、形容词等提示词要求写出适当的名词形式。短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。解答有关名词的题目时,一定要注意名词前的修饰成分,如数词、量词、常修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词的词或短语等,判断其是需要可数名词单数形式、复数形式还是不可数名词;有的还要结合语境分析句子成分,判断是否需要作主语、宾语、表语或定语的名词。——如何确定填名词的单复数还是所有格判定方法应用体验提示词为名词时,分析句子成分后若发现词性不需要改变,则一般考查所给名词的复数形式;如果作定语表示“……的”,则一般考查名词的所有格。①(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Shehasturneddownseveral(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.②(2017·湖南师大附中模拟)Thiscouldbe(Mary)motto—theexpressionthatbestcapturesherspirit.invitationsMary’s判定方法应用体验当确定所填词是可数名词时,需要考虑其单复数问题。除了根据上下文语境之外,还可以通过以下信息判断。1.不定冠词a,an后用名词单数形式。2.有these,those,several,many,all,both等词修饰时名词用复数形式。3.名词前有oneof时用名词复数形式。4.如果空格处作主语,且谓语动词是单数形式,则空格处应填名词单数形式;若谓语动词是复数形式,则空格处应填名词复数形式。③(2017·桂林市联考)Tothem,lifeisa___________(compete)—theyhavetodobetterthantheirpeerstobehappy.④(2017·山师大附中模拟)Shehadseveral_______(illness)whenshewasveryyoung,includingpneumoniaandheadache.⑤(2017·绵阳市模拟)Itisoneoftheworld’smostvisited_____(city)intermsofinternationalarrivalsandhastheworld’slargestcityairportsystem.⑥(2017·成都市模拟)The___________(depend)onmobiledevicesisevenhavingphysicalandmentaleffects.⑦(2017·漳州市八校联考)________(chance)arethatyouwillreceivethreedifferentanswers.competitionillnessescitiesdependenceChances——名词单复数的常考点(一)名词复数的规则变化自主练悟谨记规律①(2017·浙江高考)LastOctober,whiletendinghergardeninMora,Sweden,LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmall_______(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.②(2017·湖南师大附中模拟)Thenewpilotsaysit’snevertoolatetospreadyour______(wing)andtrysomethingnew.一般在名词词尾直接加s。例如:friend(朋友)→friendsnation(国家)→nationsinterest(兴趣)→interestschange(变化)→changesmember(成员)→memberswing(翅膀)→wingscarrotswings自主练悟谨记规律③(2017·河南省天一大联考)Ilearnedthatspiesusuallyhidimportantlettersinanumbrella,inashoe,oreveninapairofordinary_______(glass).④(2017·银川一中二模)Butwithoutsunlightandgoodsoil,soontheleavesbegantofalldownandthe________(branch)begantodry.词尾是s,x,ch,sh时一般加es。例如:bus公共汽车→busesfox狐狸→foxescoach教练→coachesbranch树枝→branchesbush灌木丛→bushes注意:stomach(胃部)的复数形式是在词尾直接加s。glassesbranches自主练悟谨记规律⑤(2016·四川高考)Anysmellmightattractnatural________(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.⑥(2017·唐山市一模)The220poundQizaihasbecomeasuperstar,andmany____(toy)inhiscolorhavebeenmade.词尾是辅音字母+y时,变y为ies;词尾是元音字母+y时,直接加s。例如:enemy敌人→enemieshobby业余爱好→hobbiesdifficulty困难→difficultiestoy玩具→toyskey钥匙→keysenemiestoys自主练悟谨记规律⑦(2017·石家庄市一模)Ontheotherhand,ifthewaterisnothotenough,thetea______(leaf)won’topenupandyouwillmissthepleasantlyfreshflavor.词尾是f或fe时,多将f或fe变为ves。例如:shelf架子→shelvesknife刀子→knivesleaf叶子→leaveshousewife家庭主妇→housewives⑧(2017·江西省重点中学盟校联考)_________(tomato)andpotatoestooksometimetobecomepopular.⑨(2017·四川省龙泉市模拟)TheymayletyousurftheInternet,listentomusicandtake______(photo)whereveryouare.词尾是以辅音字母+o结尾,直接加es;以元音字母加o结尾,直接加s。例如:tomato番茄→tomatoeszoo动物园→zoos注意:外来词piano与缩略词photo直接加s。leavesTomatoesphotos(二)名词复数的不规则变化自主练悟谨记规律①(2017·长沙市联考)Manyenjoytheopportunitytobuypresentsbecausegiftgivingoffersapowerful_______(means)tobuildstrongerbondswithone’sclosestpersons.单复数同形的名词:例如:sheep绵羊deer鹿aircraft飞行器Chinese中国人Japanese日本人means手段works工厂series系列②(2017·石嘴山市模拟)Ofthefifteen________(child)borntothefamily,onlyeightsurvived.③(2017·潍坊市复习过关)IntheUS,forexample,morethan14%of________(woman)between18and34plantohavejustonechild.自身有特殊变化的名词:例如:child孩子→childrenman男人→menwoman女人→womentooth牙→teethfoot脚;英尺→feetmouse老鼠→micecriterion标准→criteriamedium传播媒介→mediaphenomenon现象→phenomenameanschildrenwomen自主练悟谨记规律①(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Theteenageyearfrom13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.____________②(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Besides,theyoftengetsomeusefulinformationsfromtheInternet.__________________________③(2014·辽宁高考)We’vecalledseveraltimeaboutCleo’searlymorningbarking.___________④(2017·陕西师大附中模拟)Itwasalongwalktotherepairershop._____________________year→yearsinformations→informationtime→timesrepairer→repairer’s名词数与格的错用1.可数名词单复数的错用:一般考查错把复数用作单数,偶尔也考查错把单数用作复数。2.不可数名词单复数的错用:不可数名词没有复数形式。3.可数名词与不可数名词混淆:有些词既可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词,应注意具体语境。4.误把名词的所有格用作普通格:表示“……的”应用所有格形式。自主练悟谨记规律⑤(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonest.⑥(2013·全国卷Ⅱ)Thismadeforthegrowintheporcelainindustry.⑦(2017·宝鸡中学模拟)Youngpeoplemaketheirparentsangrywiththeirchooseinclothes.名词与形容词、名词与动词的错用1.该用名词却误用形容词:作表语时,与主语构成同位关系一般用名词,形容词一般是对主语的描述。2.该用名词却误用动词:在冠词、所有格或介词后一般用名词。honest→honestygrow→growthchoose→choices冠词是语法填空题的常考点,经常考查不定冠词a,an和定冠词the的基本用法和固定搭配。解答冠词类题目时,首先需要明确设空处是表示特指还是泛指,如果是前者用the,后者则需要再判断用a还是an。短文改错中的冠词类题目,除了判断是表示特指还是泛指外,还需要注意单数可数名词前必须有冠词。同时对常见的固定搭配中的冠词也要熟练掌握。——如何确定填冠词判定方法应用体验如果空格后有名词(短语)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义,或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式,那么空格处一般是填冠词。①(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Butunlikeherschoolfriends,16­year­oldSarahisnotspendinghalf­termresting.Instead,sheisearning£6,500adayasmodelinNewYork.②(2017·吉林大学附中模拟)Thedaythatyouenjoyallsatisfactionofhavingallthehouseworkdonebyarobotmightstillbeafewdecadesoff.athe——冠词的常考点(一)不定冠词a/an的常考点自主练悟谨记规律①(2017·山西省实验中学质检)Andtheytalkedaboutturning___embarrassingsituationintoasweetone!②(2017·马鞍山市模拟)Butnowwehavealreadybeenstandingbythisroadforover___hour.③(2017·湖北省七市联考)Unfoldedbeforemewas__un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