环境化学基础

Manahan,StanleyE.FrontmatterFundamentalsofEnvironmentalChemistryBocaRaton:CRCPressLLC,2001PREFACETOTHESECONDEDITION____________________________________________________FundamentalsofEnvironmentalChemistry,2ndedition,iswrittenwithtwomajorobjectivesinmind.Thefirstoftheseistoprovideareaderhavinglittleornobackgroundinchemistrywiththefundamentalsofchemistryneededforatrade,profession,orcurriculumofstudythatrequiresabasicknowledgeofthesetopics.Thesecondobjectiveofthebookistoprovideabasiccoverageofmodernenviron-mentalchemistry.Thisisdonewithinaframeworkofindustrialecologyandanemergingapproachtochemistrythathascometobeknownas“greenchemistry.”Virtuallyeveryoneneedssomeknowledgeofchemistry.Unfortunately,thisvital,interestingdiscipline“turnsoff”manyoftheverypeoplewhoneedarudimentaryknowledgeofit.Therearemanyreasonsthatthisisso.Forexample,“chemophobia,”anunreasonedfearofinsidiouscontaminationoffood,water,andairwithchemicalsatundetectablelevelsthatmaycausecancerandothermaladiesiswidespreadamongthegeneralpopulation.Thelanguageofchemistryisoftenmadetoocomplexsothatthosewhotrytolearnitretreatfromconceptssuchasmoles,orbitals,electronicconfigurations,chemicalbonds,andmolecularstructurebeforecomingtorealizethattheseideasarecomprehensibleandeveninterestinganduseful.FundamentalsofEnvironmentalChemistryisdesignedtobesimpleandunderstandable,anditistheauthor’shopethatreaderswillfinditinterestingandapplicabletotheirownlives.Withoutbeingoverlysimplisticormisleading,itseekstopresentchemicalprinciplesinwaysthatevenareaderwithaminimalbackgroundin,ornoparticularaptitudefor,scienceandmathematicscanmasterthematerialinitandapplyittoatrade,profession,orcourseofstudy.OneofthewaysinwhichEnvironmentalChemistryFundamentalspresentschemistryina“reader-friendly”manneristhroughasomewhatuniqueorganizationalstructure.InthefirstfewpagesofChapter1,thereaderispresentedwitha“mini-course”inchemistrythatconsistsofthemostbasicconceptsandtermsneededtoreallybegintounderstandchemistry.Tostudychemistry,itisnecessarytoknowafewessentialthings—whatanatomis,whatismeantbyelements,chemicalformulas,chemicalbonds,molecularmass.Withthesetermsdefinedinverybasic©2001CRCPressLLCwaysitispossibletogointomoredetailonchemicalconceptswithouthavingtoassume—asmanyintroductorychemistrybooksdosomewhatawkwardly—thatthereaderknowsnothingofthemeaningoftheseterms.Chapter2discussesmatterlargelyonthebasisofitsphysicalnatureandbehavior,introducingphysicalandchemicalproperties,statesofmatter,themoleasaquantityofmatter,andotherideasrequiredtovisualizechemicalsubstancesasphysicalentities.Chapters3–5coverthecoreofchemicalknowledgeconstructedasalanguageinwhichelementsandtheatomsofwhichtheyarecomposed(Chapter3)arepresentedaslettersofanalphabet,thecompoundsmadeupofelements(Chapter4)areanalogoustowords,thereactionsbywhichcompoundsaresynthesizedandchanged(Chapter5)arelikesentencesinthechemicallanguage,andthemathematicalaspectsholditalltogetherquantitatively.Chapters6–8constitutetheremainderofmaterialthatisusuallyregardedasessentialmaterialingeneralchemistry.Chapter9presentsabasiccoverageoforganicchemistry.Althoughthistopicisoftenignoredatthebeginningchemistrylevel,thosewhodealwiththerealworldofenvironmentalpollution,hazardouswastes,agriculturalscience,andotherappliedareasquicklyrealizethatarudimentaryunderstandingoforganicchemistryisessential.Chapter10coversbiologicalchemistry,anareaessentialtounderstandinglatermaterialdealingwithenvironmentalandtoxicologicalchemistry.BeyondChapter10,thebookconcentratesonenvironmentalchemistry.Traditionally,discussionofenvironmentalsciencehasbeendevotedtothefourtraditionalspheres—thehydrosphere,atmosphere,geosphere,andbiosphere—thatis,water,air,land,andlife.Ithasusuallybeenthecasethat,whenmentionedatallinenvironmentalsciencecourses,humanandindustrialactivitieshavebeenpresentedintermsofpollutionanddetrimentaleffectsontheenvironment.FundamentalsofEnvironmentalChemistrygoesbeyondthisnarrowfocusandaddressesafifthsphereoftheenvironment,theanthrosphere,consistingofthethingsthathumansmake,use,anddo.Intakingthisapproach,itisrecognizedthathumanshavevasteffectsupontheenvironmentandthattheywillusetheotherenvironmentalspheresandthematerials,energy,andlifeformsinthemforperceivedhumanneeds.Thechallengebeforehumankindistointegratetheanthrosphereintothetotalenvironmentandtodirecthumaneffortstowardthepreservationandenhancementoftheenvironment,ratherthansimplyitsexploita-tion.Environmentalchemistryhasafundamentalroleinthisendeavor,andthisbookisdesignedtoassistthereaderwiththebasictoolsrequiredtouseenvironmentalchemistrytoenhancetheenvironmentuponwhichweallultimatelydependforourexistenceandwell-being.Chapters11–13addresstheenvironmentalchemistryofthehydrosphere.Chapter11discussesthefundamentalpropertiesofwater,watersupplyanddistri-bution,propertiesofbodiesofwater,andbasicaquaticchemistry,includingacid-basebehavior,phaseinteractions,oxidation-reduction,chelation,andtheimportantinfluencesofbacteria,algae,andotherlifeformsonaquaticchemistry.Chapter12dealsspecificallywithwaterpollutionand