园林植物景观营造方法

毕业论文题目：园林植物景观营造方法目录姓名：专业：园林花卉班级：园林0712009年12月10日摘要······················································································································1关键词···················································································································1前言······················································································································21.植物配置的艺术手法······························································································31.1对比和衬托·····································································································31.2动势和均衡·····································································································31.3起伏和韵律····································································································31.4层次和背景····································································································31.5色彩和季相·····································································································32.园林植物配置·······································································································32.1植物种类的选择····························································································42.1.1根据当地的气候环境条件配植树种·······························································42.1.2根据当地的土壤环境条件配植树种·······························································42.1.3.根据树种光照强度配置绿化使用场所·····························································42.1.4根据环保的要求进行配植树种·····································································42.1.5根据绿地性质配植树种···············································································42.2植物配植方式································································································42.2.1自然式配植······························································································42.2.2规则······································································································53.植物配置的掌握要点······························································································54.结论··················································································································7致谢······················································································································8参考文献················································································································91摘要在园林空间中，无论是以植物为主景，或植物与其他园林要素共同构成主景，在植物种类的选择，数量的确定，位置的安排和方式的采取上都应强调主体，作到主次分明，以表现园林空间景观的特色和风格。关键词：园林植物，景观，配置，营造方法2前言园林是反映社会意识形态的空间艺术,植物作为园林中重要的组成部分,是园林里最有变化的景观,凭借它们构成的园景随着季节和年份的推移而有多样性的变化。就是在这些变化中,植物赋予了园林丰富的文化内涵。本文从特定文化环境的植物配置、特殊环境的植物配置、城市文化在植物配置中的体现、具有历史文化内涵的植物在设计中的应用及古树、名木的保护几个方面介绍了园林植物配置中文化性的体现。3１植物配置的艺术手法在园林空间中，无论是以植物为主景，或植物与其他园林要素共同构成主景，在植物种类的选择，数量的确定，位置的安排和方式的采取上都应强调主体，作到主次分明，以表现园林空间景观的特色和风格。1.1对比和衬托利用植物不同的形态特征，运用高低、姿态、叶形叶色、花形花色的对比手法，表现一定的艺术构思，衬托出美的植物景观。在树丛组合时，要注意相互间的协调，不宜将形态姿色差异很大的树种组合在一起。运用水平与垂直对比法、体形大小对比法和色彩与明暗对比法三种方法。1.2动势和均衡各种植物姿态不同，有的比较规整，如杜英；有的有一种动势，如松树。配置时，要讲求植物相互之间或植物与环境中其他要素之间的和谐协调；同时还要考虑植物在不同的生长阶段和季节的变化，不要因此产生不平衡的状况。1.3起伏和韵律韵律有两种，一种是“严格韵律”；另一种是“自由韵律”。道路两旁和狭长形地带的植物配置最容易体现出韵律感，要注意纵向的立体轮廓线和空间变换，做到高低搭配，有起有伏，产生节奏韵律，避免布局呆板。1.4层次和背景为克服景观的单调，宜以乔木、灌木、花卉、地被植物进行多层的配置。不同花色花期的植物相间分层配置，可以使植物景观丰富多彩。背景树一般宜高于前景树，栽植密度宜大，最好形成绿色屏障，色调家深，或与前景有较大的色调和色度上的差异，以加强衬托。1.5色彩和季相植物的干、叶、花、果色彩十分丰富。可运用单色表现、多色配合、对比色处理以及调和色度逐层过渡等不同的配置方式，实现园林景物色彩构图。将叶色、花色进行分级，有助于组织优美的植物色彩构图。要体现春、夏、秋、冬四季的植物季相，尤其是春、秋的季相。在同一个植物空间内，一般以体现一季或两季的季相，效果较为明显。因为树木的花期或色叶变化期，一般祗能持续一、二个月，往往会出现偏枯偏荣的现象。所以，需要采用不同花期的花木分层配置，以延长花期；或将不同花期的花木和显示一季季相的花木混栽；或用草木花卉(特别是宿根花卉)弥补木本花卉花期较短的缺陷等方法.大型的园林和风景区，往往表现一季的特色，给游人以强烈的季候感。中国人有某时某地观赏某花的传统，如“灵峰探梅”、“西山红叶”等时令美景很受欢迎2园林植物配置4园林植物的配置包括两个方面：一方面是各种植物相互之间的配置，考虑植物种类的选择，树丛的组合，平面的构图、色彩、季相以及园林意境；另一方面是园林植物与其他园林要素相互之间的配置。2.1植物种类的选择植物具有生命，不同的园林植物具有不同的生态和形态特征。它们的干，叶，花，果的姿态，大小，形状，质地，色彩和物候期各不相同。进行植物配置时，要因地制宜，因时制宜，使植物正常生长，充分发挥其观赏特性。选择园林植物要以乡土树种为主，以保证园林植物有正常生长发育条件，并反映出各个地区的植物风格。同时也不能忽视优良品种的引种驯化工作。2.1.1根据当地的气候环境条件配植的树种特别是在经济和技术条比较薄弱的发展新区，尤显重要。以我市地处亚热带为例，新近推荐使用的优良落叶树种，乔木类有无患子、栾树等。耐寒常绿树种，乔木类有山杜英等。如去年八月，我市各街道绿地出现了大片草坪“枯黄”。主要原因高羊茅属于冷季型草坪，不适应我市气候环境，到了八月气候温度达到38度，使高羊茅草坪难以生存，所以，出现了大片草坪“枯黄”。2.1.2根据当地的土壤环境条件配植的树种例如，杜鹃、茶花、红花继木等喜酸性土树种，适于PH值5.5至6.5含铁铝成分较多的土质。而黄杨、棕榈、桃叶珊瑚、夹竹桃、海桐、枸杞等喜碱性土树种，适于PH植7.5至8.5、含钙质较多的土质。2.1.3根据树种对太阳光照的需求强度，合理安排配植的用地及绿化使用场所如江北公园改建工程中，原盆景园靠槐树路一带香樟密植，地坪难见阳光，采用了荫蔽性极强的桃叶珊瑚，种植后效果极佳。2.1.4要根据环保的要求进行配植的树种在众多的树木之中，有许多不光具有一般绿化、美化环境的作用，而且分别具有防风、固沙、防火、杀菌、隔音、吸滞粉尘、阻截有害气体和抗污染等保护和改善环境的作用。因此，在城市园林、绿地、工矿区、居民区配置林木时，应该根据各个地区环境保护的实际需要，配置适宜的树木。例如，在粉尘较多的工矿附近、道路两旁和人口稠密的居民区，应该多配置一些侧柏、桧柏、龙柏、青桐、槐树、悬铃木等易于吸带粉尘的树木；在排放有害气体的工业区特别是化工区，应该尽量多栽植一些能够吸收或抵抗有害气体能力较强的树木，如广玉兰、海桐、构树、棕榈等树木。2.1.5要根据绿地性质进行配置各街道绿地、庭园绿化中，根据绿地性质，规划设计时选择适当树种。如设计烈士陵园绿化，树木选择常绿树和柏类树，表示烈士英雄“坚强不屈”高尚品德。在幼儿园绿化设计，选择低矮和色彩丰富的树木，红花继木、金叶女贞、十大功劳由红、黄、绿三色组成，带来活泼气氛。还要考虑不能选择有刺、有毒的树木。如夹竹桃、构骨等树木。52.2植物配置方式2.2.1自然式配植自然式的树木配置方法，多选树形或树体部分美观或奇特的品种，以不规则的株行距配置成各种形式。2.2.1.1孤植单株树孤立种植，孤植树在园林中，一是作为园林中独立的庇荫树，也作观赏用。二是单纯为了构图艺术上需要。主要显示树木的个体美，常作为园林空间的主景。常用于大片草坪上、花坛中心、小庭院的一角与山石相互成景之处。2.2.