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牛津英语模块一语法定语从句（1）1关系代词在定语从句中的使用除了形容词，名词等作定语来修饰名词或代词，句子也可以作定语，我们称作定语的句子为定语从句。先看这样的两个句子：ThismanismyEnglishteacher.Heisstandingatthedoor.如果想把这两个句子合成一个句子，我们可将第二句转换成定语从句来修饰theman，即：Themanthat/whoisstandingatthedoorismyEnglishteacher.这个句子中，that/whoisstandingatthedoor充当了theman的定语，它就是定语从句；而被修饰的theman叫作先行词，that/who是关系代词。2关系代词that，which,who,whom,whose的区别（1）当先行词是‘人’时：①关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，用that/whoIshethemanwho/thattoldyouthenews?②关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/that/who,也可以省略Theboy(whom/that/who)Italkedtoyesterdayismybrother.（2）当先行词是‘物’时：可用关系代词that/which来充当主语或宾语Thisisabookwhich/thattalksaboutgeography.综上所述，that既可指‘人’，也可指‘物’，而which只可指‘物’，who/whom只可指‘人’；who/that/which都可作主语或宾语，而whom只能作宾语；whose在定语从句中必须放在一个名词前作定语Thebookwhosecoverisredcan’tbefoundnow.3只能用that引导定语从句的情况（1）当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时ThisisthebestdictionarythatI’veeverused.Thefirstthingthatyoushoulddoistoworkoutaplan.（2）当先行词被all,some,any,no,little,much等修饰或者先行词为all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时Allthatshelackedwastraining.Shewouldneverdoanythingthatwasnotapprovedofbyherparents.（3）当先行词既有人又有物时Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatmostimpressedthem.（4）当先行词被thelast,theonly,thevery等修饰时ThisistheonlyexamplethatIknow.ThisisoneoftheverybooksthatIamlookingfor.（5）当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用thatChinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas.4引导定语从句的关系代词常用which不用that的情况（1）关系代词前有介词或介词短语时Galileobuiltatelescopethroughwhichhecouldstudythesky.HereisthebookaboutwhichItoldyouyesterday,（2）引导非限制性定语从句时Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasbetterthanwecouldexcept.（3）当关系代词之后有插入语时HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asI’vetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.Hewasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplaywhich,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.（4）先行词本身是that时Thatwhichisevilissoonlearned.坏事易学。Thatwhichiswelldoneistwicedone.一次做的好等于做两次。5which和whose作定语时的区别Which和whose都可以在定语从句中作定语，但是which一般只用在非限制性定语从句中，紧指物，并且要接一个对先行词起概括作用的泛指名词；‘whose+名词’与先行词不表示同一事物或情况PeterspentthreeyearsinFrance,duringwhichtimehelearntFrench.Thehousewhosewindowsarebrokenisunoccupied.窗子破了的那间房子没人住。注意：定语从句中‘whose+名词’=‘the+名词+ofwhom/which’Theboy,whoseuncleisajudge,issingingunderthetree.=Theboy,theuncleofwhomisajudge,issingingunderthetree.Iboughtthebooklastyear,whosecoverisbroken.=Iboughtthebooklastyear,thecoverofwhichisbroken.6如何确定定语从句的引导词下面两句话中的先行词都是day，但由于其在定语从句中充当的句子成分不同，定语从句的引导词也不同I’llneverforgetthedays(which/that)wespenttogether.我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。（先行词thedays在定语从句中充当及物动词spend的宾语，所以定语从句的引导词要用关系代词which/that）I’llneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)Iarrivedhere.我永远不会忘记我到这儿的日子。（先行词theday在定语从句中作时间状语，所以定语从句的引导词要用关系副词when，或‘on+关系代词which’）7关系代词的省略在定语从句中，如果关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语，那么我们常常省略关系代词。如果关系代词在定语从句中充当主语，则不可省略Heistheperson(who/that)wearelookingfor.他就是我们一直在找的那个人。（从句中that/who作介词for的宾语，因此可以省略。）注意：介词后面的关系代词不能省略，而且指人时用whom，指物是用whichThepersonaboutwhomwearetalkingisourheadmaster.我们正在谈论的那个人是我们的校长。（whom在定语从句中作about的宾语，而且先行词theperson是指人，因此只能用whom）Thecompanyatwhichmysisterworksisintheeastofthecity.8定语从句中的主谓一致问题（1）关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词在人称和数上通常和先行词保持一致Allthatshinesisnotgold.发光的不一定是金子（2）‘oneofthe+复数名词’作先行词时，定语从句中谓语动词和复数名词一致Heisalsooneofthestudentswhogotothepark.（3）‘theonly/very+oneofthe+复数名词’作先行词时，定语从句中谓语动词和one一致，用单数形式Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhogoestothepark.9定语从句与同位语从句的区别（1）从语法角度来看，引导同位语从句的that是连词，只起语法作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，如例（1）中的that；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，它除了起引导从句的语法作用外，还要在从句中充当句子成分，主要是作主语或宾语，如例（2）中的that在从句中作动词told的宾语（2）从先行词的词性来看，同位语从句的先行词大都为抽象名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词，也可以是代词（3）从可否省略来看，同位语从句的that一般不可以省略，但是定语从句中的关系代词如果在从句中充当宾语，在非正式用语中常常可以省略例（1）WeweregreatlypleasedatthenewsthattheChinesewomen’svolleyballteamhadwonthematchagain.听到中国女排再次获胜的消息我们极为高兴。（that引导同位语从句）例（2）Weweregreatlypleasedatthenewsthatourteacherhadtoldus.听到老师告诉我们的消息我们感到很高兴10定语从句与状语从句的区别定语从句的关系词在从句中要作某种成分，因而从句成分不完整；而引导状语从句的连接词在句中不作任何成分，因此句子成分完整Itissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike.(定语从句)Itissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllikeit.(结果状语从句)11定语从句与强调句型的区别定语从句对名词或代词起修饰和限制作用，关系词可以是that，which，as，who，另一方面，句子中的It有所指代；而强调句型是对某部分加强语气，强调语气的连接词只能是that，who，并且句子中的It没有任何意义。两种从句的判断一般比较明显，而有事就难以区别，需要根据上下文的语境来判断。如下面一句话：Itisabookthathewants.此句究竟是强调句型还是定语从句，就要从语境上来判断。如果它是用来回答Whatisthis/that?这样的问题，意思就是：它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答Whatdoeshewant?这样的问题，那么意思就是：他想要的是一本书。显然，句子是强调句型。【真题回放】1（）Theprizewillgotothewriterstoryshowsthemostimagination.AthatBwhichCwhoseDwhat2（）You’llfindtaxiswaitingatthebusstationyoucanhiretoreachyourhostfamily.AwhichBwhereCwhenDas3（）I’vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschoolImetintheEnglishspeechcontestlastyear.AwhoBwhereCwhenDwhich4（）Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhousesarebuiltclosetoeachother.AtheyBwhereCwhatDthat5（）That’sthenewmachinepartsaresmalltobeseen.AthatBwhichCwhoseDwhat6（）Theoldtempleroofwasdamagedinstormisnowunderrepair.AwhereBwhichCitsDwhose7（）Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomethingwassomeoneelse’sfault.AwhoBthatCasDwhat8()Childrenwhoarenoactiveordietishighinfatwillgainweightquickly.AwhatBwhoseCwhichDthat9()InChina,thenumberofcitiesisincreasingdevelopmentisrecognizedacrosstheworld.AwhereBwhichCwhoseDthat定语从句（2）1‘介词+关系代词’结构中的介词可以是in，on,about,from,for,with,to等，