1目录第一章流体流动与输送机械·····················································(2)第二章非均相物系分离·························································(32)第三章传热···································································(42)第四章蒸发···································································(69)第五章气体吸收·······························································(73)第六章蒸馏···································································(95)第七章固体干燥·······························································(119)23第三章传热1、某加热器外面包了一层厚为300mm的绝缘材料,该材料的导热系数为0.16W/(m℃),已测得该绝缘层外缘温度为30℃,距加热器外壁250mm处为75℃,试求加热器外壁面温度为多少?解:22321121bttbttAQC3007516.025.016.005.03075o21122321tbbttt2、某燃烧炉的平壁由下列三种砖依次砌成;耐火砖b1=230mm,1=1.05W/(m·℃)绝热砖b2=230mm,2=0.151W/(m·℃)建筑砖b3=240mm,3=0.93W/(m·℃)已知耐火砖内侧温度为1000℃,耐火砖与绝热砖界面处的温度为940℃,要求绝热砖与建筑砖界面处的温度不得超过138℃,试求:(1)绝热层需几块绝热砖;(2)普通砖外侧温度为多少?解:(1)b2=?m442.09.273151.013894005.123.094010002222321121bbbttbttAQ230mmb2=442mm230×2mm则:绝热层需两块绝热砖。校核t2=?CCttoo1386.1059.273151.046.094022(2)t4=?4C9.3493.024.06.1059.273o443343ttbttAQ3、Φ50×5㎜的不锈钢管,导热系数λ1=16W/(m·K),外面包裹厚度为30mm导热系数λ2=0.2W/(m·K)的石棉保温层。若钢管的内表面温度为623K,保温层外表面温度为373K,试求每米管长的热损失及钢管外表面的温度。解:已知钢管的内半径mm20252501r钢管的外半径mm252502r保温层的外半径mm5530253r根据式(3-12a),每米管长的热损失W39794.3014.015702555ln2.012025ln161)373623(12ln1ln1)(223212131rrrrttLQ由于是定态热传导,故各层传导的热量应该相等,可得到钢管外表面的温度t2。K6222025ln16112397623ln1212112rrlQtt4、Φ60×3㎜的铝合金管(导热系数近似按钢管选取),外面依次包有一层30mm的石棉和30mm的软木。石棉和软木的导热系数分别为0.16W/(m·K)和0.04W/(m·K)(管外涂防水胶,以免水汽渗入后发生冷凝及冻结)。(1)已知管内壁温度为-110℃,软木外侧温度为10℃,求每米管长上损失的冷量;(2)计算出钢、石棉及软木层各层热阻在总热阻中所占的百分数;(3)若将两层保温材料互换(各层厚度仍为30mm),钢管内壁面温度仍为-110℃,作为近似计算,假设最外层的石棉层表面温度仍为10℃。求此时每米管长损失的冷量。提示:保温层互换后,保温层外壁面与空气间的对流传热膜系数与互换前相同。解:(1)t1110℃t410℃r10027.mr20030.mr30060.mr40090.m145W/(mK)2016.W/(mK)3004.W/(mK)每米管长损失的冷量:习题3-3附图5W/m1.526090ln04.013060ln16.012730ln451101102ln1ln1ln1234323212141rrrrrrttq(2)RRRR123R11453027000234ln.(mK)/W2R2101660304332.ln.(mK)/W2R31004906010137.ln.(mK)/W2R00023443321013714471....(mK)/W2各层热阻在总热阻中所占的分数:RR1000234144710016%钢...RR24332144712994%石棉...RR310137144717005%软木...由以上计算可知钢管热阻很小,且RR软木石棉。(3)若将12和互换,厚度不变,且认为tt14和不变。q211010145302710046030101690603794ln.ln.ln.W/m以上计算可以看出,将保温性能好的材料放在里层,保温或保冷效果好。但此计算不严格,因为保冷好,则t4应增大,即t410℃。5、欲测某绝缘材料的导热系数,将此材料装入附图所示的同心套管间隙内。已知管长l=1.0m.r1=10mm,r2=13mm,r3=23mm,r4=27mm。在管内用热电偶加热,当电热功率为1.0kW时,测得内管的内壁温度为900℃,外管的外壁温度为100℃,金属管壁的导热系数为50W/(m·K),试求绝缘材料的导热系数。若忽略壁阻,会引起多大的误差?解:按题意求得:习题5附图6mm4.111013ln1013ln12121rrrrrmmm5.171323ln1323ln23232rrrrrmmm9.242327ln2327ln34343rrrrrm22311m1016.7104.11114.322mmlrA2322m11.0105.17114.322mmlrA2333m156.0109.24114.322mmlrA内管壁的热阻为:K/W1038.81016.75001.0013.04211121mArrR外管壁的热阻为:K/W1013.5156.050023.0027.0433342mArrR通过多层管壁的热流量为:W10001013.511.0013.0023.01038.810090042422223141RArrRttQm则:2=0.114W/(m·K)。若忽略两侧金属壁的热阻,则W100011.0013.0023.01009002222341mArrttQ则:2=0.114W/(m·K)。由于金属壁的热阻远小于绝缘材料的热阻,在实验精度范围内,金属壁的热阻可以忽略。6、冷却水在Φ25×2.5㎜,长为2m的钢管中以1m/s的流速通过。冷却水的进、出口温度为20℃和50℃,求管壁对水的对流传热系数?解:定性温度C3525020o定t查得水在35℃时的物性参数:C)W/(m6257.0,sPa108.72,C)kJ/(kg17.4,kg/m994o5o3λμcρp管内径为:d=25-22.5=20mm=0.02m7445101073.2108.72994102.0duRe湍流)160Pr7.0(82.46257.010174.4107225.033pcPr6010002.02dl水被加热,k=0.4,得:C)W/(m4778)82.4()1073.2(02.06257.0023.0PrRe023.0o24.08.044.08.0dα7、一列管式换热器,由38根Φ25×2.5㎜的无缝钢管组成,苯在管内以8.32kg/s的流速通过,从80℃冷却至20℃。求苯对管壁的对流传热系数;若流速增加一倍,其他条件不变,对流传热系数又有何变化?解:定性温度C5028020o定t查得苯在50℃时的物性参数:C)W/(m14.0,smPa45.0,C)kJ/(kg80.1,kg/m860oo3λμcρp管内径为:d=25-22.5=20mm=0.2mm/s81.03802.0785.086032.82Amus4431010096.31045.086081.002.0duRe湍流)160Pr7.0(79.514.0108.11045.033pcPr苯被冷却,k=0.3,则:C)W/(m1067)79.5()10096.3(02.014.0023.0PrRe023.0o23.08.043.08.0d(2)流速增加一倍,u=2u,其他条件不变由于8.00.8Rue所以C)W/(m185821067)(o28.08.011uuαα8、质量分数为98%,密度=1800kg/m3的硫酸,以1m/s的流速在套管换热器的内管中被冷却,进、出口温度分别为90℃和50℃,内管直径为Φ25×2.5㎜。管内壁平均温度为60℃。试求硫酸对管壁的对流传热系数。已知70℃硫酸的物性参数如下:8C)W/(m365.0,smPa4.6,C)kJ/(kg528.1ooλμcp壁温60℃时的硫酸黏度smPa4.8wμ(1267W/(m2·℃))解:定性温度C7029050o定t查得硫酸在70℃时的物性参数:CmW/365.0s,mPa4.6,CkJ/kg528.1oopc壁温60℃时的硫酸黏度smPa4.8wμ因为黏度较大,故用式(3-16)计算14.033.08.0)(027.0wPrRed43105625104.61800102.0duRe过渡流8.26365.010528.1104.633pcPrC)W/(m1418)104.8104.6()8.26()5625(02.0365.0027.0o214.03333.08.0α过渡流校正8934.0)5625(1061Re10618.158.15fC)W/(m12678934.01418of过9、原油在Φ89×6㎜的管式炉对流段的管内以0.5m/s的流速流过而被加热,管长6m。已知管内壁温度为150℃,原油的平均温度为40℃。试求原油在管内的对流传热系数。已知原油的物性参数为:)C/1(0011.0,C)W/(m13.0,smPa26C),kJ/(kg2,kg/m850ooo3pcρ原油150℃时的黏度smPa0.3wμ解:原油在管内流动的Re125910268505.0077.03duRe(层流)40013.0102102633pcPr(0.6Pr6700)1064626077.04001259ldPrRe9109.77077.06dl所以原油在管内的对流传热系数用式(3-19)计算14.031)()Pr(Re86.1wldd353.1)326(14.0)(14.0wK)W/(m2.79353.1)6077.04001259(