高一英语语法全讲义精讲

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1/33高一英语语法讲义一、句子成分及简单句五种基本句型一、句子成分(一)句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。(二)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)(三)谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系动词加表语构成。如:Wearestudents.(四)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)Isityours?(代词)Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)Thespeechisexciting.(分词)Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词)HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.(动名词)Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语)Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)(五)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.(代词)Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(数词)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词)Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短语)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)2/33Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(宾语从句)宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.[来源:学。科。网](六)宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名词)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)Letthefreshairin.(副词)Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)Wesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)(七)定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名词)HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)(八)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短语)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)Waitaminute.(名词)Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(状语从句)状语种类如下:Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(时间状语)Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因状语)Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.(条件状语)MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语)Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语)Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴随状语)Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的状语)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(结果状语)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(让步状语)Iamtallerthanheis.(比较状语)简单句有五种基本句型,其它各种句子基本上皆由此五种句型缩略或扩展而成。1、“主语+谓语”句型,可简称为主谓结构,谓语是不及物动词。如:(1)Thesunisrising.太阳正在冉冉升起。(2)Now,themeetingbegins.现在会议开始。3/332、“主语+连系动词+表语“句型,如:(1)HeandIareprettygoodswimmers.他和我都游泳游得不错。(2)Thedoctorsseemedverycapable.这些大夫好像都很能干。3)“主语+谓语+宾语”句型可简称为主、谓、宾结构(SVO),其谓语一般皆是及物动词,其宾语多是直接宾语。如:(1)Robbiedidn’tdenythefacts.罗比不否认这些事实。(2)Sheheardwhisperings.她听到了一阵沙沙声。4)“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语”句型可简称为主谓宾宾结构(SVOO),其谓语须是可有双宾语的及物动词,即所谓的与格动词(dativeverb),两个宾语多一是间接宾语,一是直接宾语。如:(1)Wegavethebabyabath.我们给婴孩洗了个澡。(2)Judithpaidmeavisit.朱迪思来看望了我。5)“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语”句型可简称为主、谓、宾、宾补结构(SVOC),其谓语须是可有这种复合宾语的及物动词,宾语补语与宾语一起构成复合宾语。如:(1)Ifoundthisbookeasy.我发现此书不难。(形容词easy用作宾语补语)(2)Theyheldhimhostage.他们将他扣作人质。(名词hostage用作宾语补语)(3)Hewatchedthemaidcomein.他看着女佣人进来了。(4)Iheardhimcomingupthestairsslowly,asifhewerecarryingsomethingheavy.我听见他慢慢上楼来,好像扛着什么重的东西。二、并列复合句(compoundsentence)并列复合句是由两个或多个简单句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。这种句子容量大,可以为你提供更大的自由表达度。并列复合句常用的连接词由and,but,for,so,or,nor等并列连词,如:(1)Theywerehappyandtheydeservedtheirhappiness.他们是幸福的,他们也该得到幸福。(并列连词是and)(2)Thesignalwasgiven,andthesteamermovedslowlyfromthedock.信号发出了,轮船缓缓驶出码头。(并列连词是and,前有逗号)(3)Hurryoryouwon’tmakethetrain.赶快,不然你赶不上火车。(并列连词是or)(4)Honeyissweet,butthebeestings.蜜是甜的,但蜜蜂却会蜇人。(并列连词是but)两个或两个以上的简单句的关系如不很紧密,并列连词可引导单独一个句子。如:(5)You’realive!Andshe’sdead.你活着!而她却死了。(并列连词and引导单独句子)(6)I’msorrytotroubleyou.Butcanyoudirectmetothenearestpostoffice?对不起打扰一下。你可以告诉我最近的邮局在哪儿吗?(并列连词but引导单独句子)并列句的分句亦可用连接副词连接。如:(7)Ihadadrink,thenIwenthome.我喝了杯酒,然后回到了家。(连接副词是then)(8)Itrained,thereforethegamewascalledoff.由于有雨,因而那场球赛取消了。(连接副词是therefore)(9)Hewasangry,neverthelesshelistenedtome.他生气了,但听我的话。(连接副词是nevertheless)(10)Iwanttogototheparty—however,Ihavenotransport.我想去参加聚会,但我没有交通工具。(连接副词是however)(11)Ihaveonlyanoldcar;stillitisbetterthannothing.我只有一辆旧车,但也比没有好。(连接副词是still)4/33(12)Iambusytoday,socanyoucometomorrow?我今日很忙,那你能明天来吗?(连接副词是so)三、定语从句在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词,用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句,所以,也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句一般紧跟在它所修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