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MBA备考商务英语泛读文选全集MBA备考商务英语泛读文选1TheGreatDepressionAdepressionisaperiodofdrasticdeclineinthenationaleconomy,characterizedbydecreasingbusinesstransactions,fallingprices,andhighratesofunemployment.TheDepressionof1929-40willbeingrainedinthemindsofAmericansforgenerationstocome.(Eventoday,manypresidentialdecisionsareaffectedbymemoriesofandbyreadingandlearningabouttheGreatDepression.)Thetragicpovertyandunemploymentofthattimehavehadnoequal.BetweenOctober1929andtheearly1940s,unemploymenthit25percentoftheworkforce,orabout13millionpeople(thiscomparestoabout34million,using1990figures).Thevalueofgoodsandservicesproducedinthecountrywascutinhalf,andstockmarketpricesfellabout90percent.Thehopesanddreamsthatmarkedthe1920scametoasuddenend.Althoughthe1929stockmarketcrashwasamajorfactorleadingtotheGreatDepression,otherfactorscontributed.Someoftheculpritsincluded:TheactionsoftheFederalReserveSystem.Installmentbuying.Overproductionofconsumergoodsandadeclineininvestment.Speculation.ThecrashofthestockmarketcameearlyintheDepression,anditseffectswerelesssignificantthanthewavesofbankfailuresthatfollowed.ThefirstwavecameinOctober1930,thesecondinMarch1931,andthethirdinthelastquarterof1932.Ineachcase,banksfailedbecausesaverspanicked-Savers,fearfulthatthebankswouldcollapseinthepoorbusinessclimate,lineduptowithdrawtheirfunds.Banksdidnot(andstilldont)keeponhand100percentofthecashdeposited(theymakeloanstootherpeoplewiththeirdepositorsmoney);theycouldnotpaybackalltheirdepositorsatonceandthuswentbankrupt.MillionsofAmericanslosttheirlifesavingsinthebankfailures.MBA备考商务英语泛读文选2AHISTORICALREVIEWOFAMERICANBUSINESSAswementionedpreviously,economicsinvolveslearningaboutasocietysuseoflimitedproductiveresourcestosatisfytheunlimiteddesiresofitscitizens.Americaneconomicsuccessarisesfromthefreedomtoownproperty,freedomofchoice,freedomtoearnareasonableprofit,sufficientnaturalresources,hard-workingandeducatedpeople,andoutstandingbusinessleadership.ThroughoutAmericashistory,businessleadershavedisplayedtheirtalentsinorganizingbusinesses,managinghumanresources,financingbusiness,marketinggoodsandservices,andusinginformationresources.However,Americanshavenoguaranteeofbeingworldleadersinbusinesstransactions,know-how,andsuccess.Todaytheirbusinessleadershipisbeingchallengedbycreative,hardworking,astutecompetitorsthroughouttheworld,especiallyinJapan,Germany,Italy,SouthKorea,andHongKong.Historically,theinfluencesofmanysocietiesandcultureshaveformedthebusinessvaluesthathelpedmaketheUnitedStatesaworldwideeconomicpower.LetsreviewthestageshroughwhichAmericanbusinesshasreacheditspresentpositionintheworld.MBA备考商务英语泛读文选2AHISTORICALREVIEWOFAMERICANBUSINESSAswementionedpreviously,economicsinvolveslearningaboutasocietysuseoflimitedproductiveresourcestosatisfytheunlimiteddesiresofitscitizens.Americaneconomicsuccessarisesfromthefreedomtoownproperty,freedomofchoice,freedomtoearnareasonableprofit,sufficientnaturalresources,hard-workingandeducatedpeople,andoutstandingbusinessleadership.ThroughoutAmericashistory,businessleadershavedisplayedtheirtalentsinorganizingbusinesses,managinghumanresources,financingbusiness,marketinggoodsandservices,andusinginformationresources.However,Americanshavenoguaranteeofbeingworldleadersinbusinesstransactions,know-how,andsuccess.Todaytheirbusinessleadershipisbeingchallengedbycreative,hardworking,astutecompetitorsthroughouttheworld,especiallyinJapan,Germany,Italy,SouthKorea,andHongKong.Historically,theinfluencesofmanysocietiesandcultureshaveformedthebusinessvaluesthathelpedmaketheUnitedStatesaworldwideeconomicpower.LetsreviewthestagesthroughwhichAmericanbusinesshasreacheditspresentpositionintheworld.MBA备考商务英语泛读文选3TheNewDealYearsWhenFranklinD.RooseveltbecamepresidentoftheUnitedStatesin1933,thecountryseconomicsystemwasparalyzed.OnefourthofU.S.workerswereunemployed,productionofgoodsandserviceswasdownbyhalf,andcorporateprofitswereoffbytwothirds.RooseveltmadeAmericaseconomicprob-lemsthefocalpoin.forboth.domesticandforeignpolicies.ThepoliciesofhisNewDealcenteredintwoareas:unemploymentandbankingreform.Solvingtheunemploymentproblemprovedverydifficult.Rooseveltproposed,andCongresspassed,aseriesofactsdubbedthealphabetactsbecauseeveryonereferredtothembytheirinitials.TheNationalIndustrialRecoveryAct(NIRA),forexample,broughtlabor,management,andconsumerstogethertosetpricesandwagesandtoregulateoutput.TheNewDealpoliciesofRooseveltseemedtowork;but20percentoftheworkforce,oralmost9millionAmericans,wasstillunemployedin1939.