Unit-18-Thomas-Hardy

PresentationofU18ByM&EThomasHardy(1840--1928)Occupation•ThomasHardywasanEnglishnovelist,shortwriterandpoet.•HewasaVictorianPoet•Heusedhiswritingstoelaborate（详细阐述)hisownpessimisticviewoflife.•HispoetrymarksthetransitionfromtheVictorianAgetothemodernistmovementofthe20thcenturyBackgroundInformation•TheVictorianPeriod(1836—1901)•Writersinthisperiodallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople•Pushedthelimitonwhatwasconsideredsociallyacceptableamongthesociety•TheRomanticismgraduallychangedintoRealismHowever,Hardy’sworksareheavilyinfluencedbyamixtureofpersonalexperienceandtheculturaleventsofthetimeperiodThomasHardywasbornonJune2,1840inHigherBockhamptoninthiscottage.Throughouthislife,hewouldfondlyrememberthishouseandfrequentlyvisitit.•Hardyspenthisearlylifesinginginthechurchchoirwithhisfather.•Hewasasicklychildandwasnotabletoattendschoolatayoungage.•Attheageof22,HardymovedtoLondontobecomeanarchitect.Hardyfirstmethisfuturewife,EmmaGifford,atSt.Juliot’srectory（神父寓所）in1872.Theymarriedin1874.Thischancemeetingwouldshapethenext40yearsofHardy’slife.EmmaGiffordwasawomanofhighsocialstatus.ShehadaveryinterestingpersonalityandwasalwaysrememberbyvisitorstotheHardyhousehold.Shediedin1912.ThomasandEmmaHardyresidedatMaxGatefrom1884onward.Hardy’sfirstvolumeofpoetry,Wessex（thesemi-fictionalland韦塞克斯（英国历史上一个王国的名称）Poems,waspublishedin1898.HardymetFlorenceDugdalein1907.AfterEmma’sdeathin1912,FlorenceandHardymarriedandcontinuedtoliveatMaxGateHardydiedonJanuary11,1928.ABriefOverview•ThomasHardybecameknownasaprominentnovelistandpoetinBritishandAmericanliterature.•Hepublished8volumes（卷）ofpoetry,onebeingpublishedposthumously（于死后）.•Hardy’spoetryiscommonlyreferredtoaspessimisticandwasnotreceivedwellduringhislifetime.•OneofthemostcommonelementsseenthroughoutHardy’spoetryishisuseofautobiographical（自传体的）informationwithinthepoemsHisMajorWorksEarlyworks(描写英国农村的恬静景象和明朗的田园生活)•UndertheGreenwoodTree(1872,the1stnovelofcountrylife)《绿荫下》•APairofBlueEyes)《一双湛蓝的眼睛》(1873)•FarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874,his1stmasterpiece)《远离尘嚣》HisMajorWorksTheturningpoint:•TheReturnoftheNative（1878）《还乡》的出版确立了哈代作为重要作家的地位，也标志着作者开始转向悲剧题材•TheMayorofCasterbridge（1886）《卡斯特桥市长》展示了一场性格悲剧HisMajorWorksHardyfinishedhistwoprofoundandfamousnovels:•TessoftheD’Urbervilles（1891）《德伯家的苔丝》•JudetheObscure（1896）《无名的裘德》•Poetry:TheDynasts(1904-1908)《列王》是以拿破仑战争为题材的三卷本诗剧，除此之外还有近千首短小的抒情诗。HisMajorWorks•Hardy’stwonovels,Tessofthed’Urbervilles(1891)andJudetheObscure(1895)arehislastlongfictionworks.ThelastnovelschallengedthesensibilitiesofVictorianreaderswithsituationsthatruffledmanyaVictorianfeather:immoralsex,murder,illegitimatechildren,andtheunmarriedlivingtogether.HeateddebateandcriticismoverthesetwobookshelpedHardydecidethathewouldratherwritepoetry.Infact,sostungwashebythecriticismofhisworksthatHardydidnotwriteanothernovel.TessoftheD’UrbervillesItcameintoconflictwithVictorianmorality.ItexploredthedarksideofhisfamilyconnectionsinBerkshire.InthestorythepoorvillagergirlTessDurbeyfieldisseducedandrapedbythewealthyAlecD’Urberville.Then,shebecamepregnantbutthechilddiedininfancy.AfterthatTessleftherhomeandfoundworkasadairymaidonafarminanothervillageandfellinlovewithAngelClare,aclergyman’sson.TheymarriedbutwhenTesstoldAngelaboutherpast,hehypocritically（伪善地）desertedher.TessbecameAlec’smistress.AngelreturnedfromBrazil,repentinghisharshness,butfoundherlivingwithAlec.TesskilledAlecindesperation,shewasarrestedandhanged.Mainplot:TessoftheD’UrbervillesAnalysis：Tess,asapurewomanbroughtwithtraditionalideaofwomanlyvirtues（贞操）,isabusedanddestroyedbybothAlecandAngel,agentsofthedestructiveforceofthesociety.Andthemisery,thepovertyandtheheartfeltpainshesuffersandherfinaltragedygiverisetoamostbittercryofprotestanddenunciationofthesociety.AsHardysayattheendofthestory，“Justicewasdone,andthePresidentoftheImmortalshadendedhissportwithTess.”Tofullyunderstandthenovel,onehastakeintoconsiderationbothitscriticalrealistandnaturalisticsignificance.TheThemeMankindissubjectedtotheruleofsomehostileandmysteriousfate,whichbringsmisfortunetohumanlife.Fatalism：chanceandfate,Naturalism,thefinaldisintegrationofpeasantryinEngland,HypocriticalmoralityHardy’sNovels•Hardy’snovelsareallVictorianindate.MostofthemaresetinWessex,thefictionalprimitiveandcruderuralregionwhichisreallythehomeplacehebothlovesandhates.Theyareknownforthevividdescriptionofthevicissitudes(变迁；兴衰)ofpeoplewholiveinanagriculturalsettingmenacedbytheforcesofinvadingcapitalism.•Hisbestlocal-coloredworksarehislaterones,whichareknownas“novelsofcharacterandenvironment”,arethemostrepresentativeofhimasbothanaturalisticandacriticalrealistwriter.•InmanyofHardy’snovels,theconflictbetweenthetraditionalandthemodernisbroughttothecenterofthestage.CharacteristicsofHardy’sNovels1.Theunderlyingthemeofhiswritingisthestruggleofmanagainstthemysteriousforcewhichrulestheworld,bringsmisfortuneintohislifeandpredetermines(预先确定)hisfate.2.ThisFatalismisstronglyreflectedinhiswritings.3.InhisworksthestrongelementsofNaturalismiscombinedwithatendencytowardsSymbolism.Thesedefectsspoilthemainrealisticeffectofhisart.4.H