1高中英语定语从句讲解及练习定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有:when,where,why等。18.1关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1)who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如:Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?他就是你想见的人吗?Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。2)whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换)。例如:Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen.3)which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如:Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.18.2关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。1)关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于\介词+which\结构,因此常常和\介词+which\结构交替使用。例如:Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhichh)onemustyield.Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhichh)Iwasborn.Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhichh)herefusedouroffer?2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和\介+which\引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如:Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn.Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(that/where/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.18.3判断关系代词与关系副词方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.I'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.判断改错:()ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.()IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.()Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.()I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysage?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone218.4限制性和非限制性定语从句1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如:CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。18.5介词+关系词1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。2)that前不能有介词。3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的\介词+关系词\结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。例如ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?urclub?18.6as,which非限定性定语从句由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首,which在句中。例如:Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone\'shealth.如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。典型例题1)Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,___cameasasurprise.A.itB.thatC.whichD.he2)Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it3)Itrainedhardyesterday,____preventedmefromgoingtothepark..A.thatB.whichC.asD.itas和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。(2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。as的用法例1.thesame…as;such…as中的as是一种固定结构,和……一样……。例如:Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe(has).例2.as可引导非限制性从句,常带有\'正如\'。例如:Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone\'shealth.。Asisknown,smokingisharmfultoone\'shealth.3As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。18.9关系代词that的用法1)不用that的情况a)引导非限定性定语从句时。例如:(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b)介词后不能用。例如:Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在therebe句型中,只用that,不用which。b)在不定代词,如:anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which.c)先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时,只用that。d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.e)先行词既有人,又有物时。例如:Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.二、关于非限制性定语从句1.引导限制性定语从句时,关系代词which可以与that互换;但引导非限制性定语从句时,只能用which。例1Sheheardaterriblenoise,______frightenedher.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.who例2Sheheardaterriblenoise______frightenedher.A.thatB./C.whatD.who解析:例1意为:“她听到一个可怕的声音,这使她感到恐惧。”that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句,故选B。例2意为:“她听到了一个使她恐惧的可怕声音。”引导修饰noise的限制性定语从句可以用which或that来引导,故选A。2.先行词为reason时,限制性定语可以用why或forwhich来引导;非限制性定语从句则只能用forwhich来引导。例3Ihadtoldthemthereason,______Ididn’tattendthemeeting.A.forwhichB.atwhichC.forwhomD.why例4Ihadtoldthemthereason______Ididn’tattendthemeeting.A.whenB.whichC.whyD.forthat解析:例3意为:“我早已把理由告诉他们,于是我没有出席会议。”先行词为reason时,非限制性定语从句应用forwhich引导,故选A。例4意为:“我已经把为什么没有出席会议的原因告诉他们。”thereasonwhy...是常见搭配,答案为C。3.引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在从句中担任宾语时可以被省略;但引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词即使作宾语也不能省略。例5Hewaseagertogotothehospitaltoseehisstepmother,______helovedandrespectedashisownmother.A.asB.whichC./D.whom解析:本句意为:“他急于去医院看望他的继母,他像对待亲生母亲一样孝敬她。”关系代词whom引导非限制性定语从句并作宾语,不能被省略,故选D。4.引导限制性定语从句时并作从句宾语的关系代词whom可以用who来代替;但在非限制性定语从句中,whom就不能用who替换。4例6DoyouknowTom,_____wetalkedabout?A.whichB.thatC.whomD.who例7TheAmericanjournalist______theannouncermentionedinthenewsbroadcastissaidtohavebeenkilledb