·共 识·中华医学会心血管病学分会高血压学组:,E-mail:dayi.hu@medmail.com.cn 50[1]。,,,。,、(angiotensinconvertingenzymeinhibitors,ACEI)(angiotensinreceptorblocker,ARB),[2]。,12%[3]。,,。。1 1.1 [4-5] :①/:,--,;,,。、、。②:,-,Na+Cl-,Na+、Cl-。,Na+-K+,K+;,。,。。,。,,,、()。③:-,Na+K+,,。,,。1.2 [4-7] 。,,,,。,6h,。。Na+,Na+-Ca2+,Ca2+,,。,pH,;,。1,。1.3 [6-7] 1。 1,、,。1.4 [6]。(systolichypertensionintheelderlypro-gram,SHEP)[8],12.5mg/d50%,530%;25mg/d,20%(),。,,(180μmol/L),。1.4.1 ,39.76%30.79%,24h[9]。2008,Messerli18,,,24hACEI、β、ARB,·214· 20113193 ChinJHypertens,March2011,Vol.19No.36/4mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)[10]。1.4.2 ,。2009[11],25mg50mg,7mmHg(P0.05)。201010829[12],3325mg/d,1723mmHg。,。。1 (%)(L/kg) (h) (h)+60~702.595% 16~24 9~10-901.0~1.530% 12~18 9+++653~1365% 48~72 50~60++9325() 24 181.4.3 89%85%,[12]。1.5mg/d25mg/d,,[13-14]。。,,,。2 2.1 ,,。2.1.1 1960,,(veteransaffairscooperativestudy,VA-Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),();[15-17]。50~100mg/d,。2070(hypertensiondetectionandfollow-upprogram,HDFP)[18],。10940,30~69。,5。,(6.4%7.7%,P0.01)。2.1.2 (theanti-hypertensiveandlipid-loweringtreatmenttopreventheartattacktrial,ALLHAT)31000[19],()、ACEI()、α()()[()]。、、ACEI,3,ACEIα,。2002,(thebloodpressureloweringtreatmenttrialistscollabortive,BPLTTC)29162341,ACEI、、β[20]。2003,Staessen[21]9,(、、、、)。,、;,、[22-23]。,,[24]。,、、(theseventhreportofjointnationalcommitteeonprevention,detection,evaluation,andtreatment·215· 20113193 ChinJHypertens,March2011,Vol.19No.3ofhighbloodpressure,JNC7),[25]。2.1.3 SHEP 1991SHEP[8]、、,()4736,4.5,36%,54%33%。10(14),,(58%)(79%);[26]。[23],4595,66%。2040β,1/3。ALLHAT5[19],13000≥65,ACEI(2mmHg,P0.01)(0.8mmHg,P=0.03)。(hypertensionintheveryelderlytrial,HYVET),,80(1.5mg/d),、,、、[27]。,,,(renin-angiotensin-aldosteronesystem,RAAS),[28]。,,,≤55RAAS,55[29]。,,。2.1.4 ACEIARB,,。2(actionindiabetesandvasculardis-ease:preteraxanddiamicronMRcontrolledevalua-tion,ADVANCE),218%,21%[30]。,,;,[31-32]。,RAAS,2010[33],ACEIARB,(estimatedglomerularfiltrationrate,eGFR)≥30mL/(min·1.73m2),;eGFR30mL/(min·1.73m2),。(perindoprilpro-tectionagainstrecurrentstrokestudy,PROGRESS),43%[34]。(felodipineeventreductionstudy,FEVER)[35],50~79,,4.22.1mmHg,27%(P=0.001)、27%(P0.01)、33%(P=0.019)、31%(P=0.006)。(valsartanantihypertensivelong-termuseevalua-tion,VALUE)[36]。-[37],/β/。(avoidingcardi-ovasculareventsthroughcombinationtherapyinpa-tientslivingwithsystolichypertension,ACCOMPLISH),//[38]。(、),、(、),。2.1.5 。,,“”;。,,RAAS。,RAAS,[7]。、RAASβ,。·216· 20113193 ChinJHypertens,March2011,Vol.19No.3。,[39][40],30d37%。2.1.6 ,、,。,,[41]。,,。(),3/d,,。,,[6]。ACEIARB、。,,,,。Framingham,,[42]。,。[43],1411(29.4kg/m2),3,25~50mg/d,21.9/9.5mmHg。(25~100mg/d)。。2003。,、。2.2 JNC7[25]。2005《》、、;,[44]。2009,、;、[45]。2010《》[46]:,(A);(Ⅲ~Ⅳ),(B),(B)(D);,ACEI;,(D);,,,(D);,(55A,55B),(C)。2008《》[41],,,。3 ,,。3.1 RAAS 、ACEIARB,、、RAAS,RAASRAAS,。2776,,,[47]。Jordan[48]489(≥30kg/m2),,,。/,731.7/24.5mmHg,,[48]。ACEI/ARB,[49]。PROGRESS4,,·217· 20113193 ChinJHypertens,March2011,Vol.19No.3(12.3/5.04.9/2.8mmHg),[34]。PROGRESS,[50]。ACCOMPLISH,,,[38]。3.2 ,,RAAS[51],。FEVER[35],。3.3 β β、,RAAS。[52][37]βARB、ACEIβ,β,,。、。3.4 ,。,,。。3.5 1/52,。2009、RAAS3[45]。,、340~50mmHg,3、,2,[53]。、、,,。。、0、、,,。ACEI、ARB,,。4 、、,、,、。4.1 。SHEP,12.5mg/d0.3mmol/L。,0.3~0.4mmol/L[54]。2512.5mg/d,10%5%[55]。,12.5mg/d,25mg/d。,1/21/3[56],。,,2.5mg,,1.5mg/d62.5%[57]。20085、,[58]。4.2 。,RAAS[59]。59(58520)[60],(r=-0.54,95%CI-0.67~-0.36,P0.01);3.8mmol/L,;2。,[61]。[45]。4.3 、 ,。,。·218· 20113193 ChinJHypertens,March2011,Vol.19No.34.4 ,,,。。4.5 。4.6 ,ACEI、ARB。、、。,、、、。,RAAS,。,、,、,。5 5.1 ,、、。RAAS2。,12g/d,6g/d[44]。。,。 、、。 ,,。,。,。5.5mmol/L。、,;[7,45],7,。5.2 -,,,12.5~25mg/d(ACCOMPLISH[38]、VALUE[36])、1.25~2.5mg/d1.5mg/d(ADVANCE[30]、HYVET[27])。,12.5mg/d,。25~100mg/d。RAAS,。1.5mg2.5mg,,,[57]。 ,eGFR30mL/(min·1.73m2),[62],。20~80mg/d,2;20~80mg,2~3/d[7]。,15~10mg,110~20mg[7]。 25~100mg/d,2;2.5mg,1~2,1~2/d。20~40mg/d;50~100mg/d。5.3 5.3.1 、、、。3.8mmol/L,RAAS。,。。、、,。,,,。。()。,。。5.3.2 。。,,[58]。,ACEI、ARB。5.3.3 ,,,,。[63],·219· 20113193 ChinJHypertens,March2011,Vol.19No.3[64]。,,,、。。5.3.4 。(),,。5.3.5 3min20mmHg10mmHg,,[65]。、。,,。、,。、 (,) (,) () (,) () (,)() ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[1]BeyerKHJr,BaerJE,RussoHF,etal.Electrolyteexcretionasinfluencedbychlorothiazide[J].Science,1958,127(3290):146-147.[2]MoserM,SicaD,CushmanW,etal.Diureticsasmonotherapyoraspartofcombinationtherapyforhypertension:anupdate[J].JClinHypertens(Greenwich),2008,10(9):726-734.[3]ChinaSTATUS.[J].,2010,38(3):230-238.[4],.[M]//,,..3.:,2002:388-425.[5]SicaDA,MoserM.Diuretictherapyincardiovasculardisease[M]//BlackHR,ElliottWJ,eds.Hypertension:acompaniontoBraunwald'sheartdisease.Philadelphia:W.B.Saunders,2007:106-120.[6]ErnstMH,MoserM.Useofdiureticsinpatientswithhyperten-sion[J].NEnglJMed,2009,361(22):2153-2164.[7]PhilipA,OpieLH.Diuretics[M]//OpieLH,GershBJed.DrugsfortheHeart.ElsevierInc.2004:149-183.[8]SHEPCooperativeResearchGroup.Preventionofstrokebyanti-hypertensivedrugtreatmentinolderpersonswithisolatedsystolichypertension.Finalresultsofthesystolichypertensionintheeld-erlyprogram(SHEP)[J].JAMA,1991,265(24):3255-3264.[9],,,.0[J].,2006,27(2):222-225.[10]MessrliFH,Bangalo