新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-12课后习题选择填空

Chapter1GeographicalFeaturesandNaturalResources1.Inarea,theUnitedStatesisthe4thlargestcountryintheworld.2.TheMidwestintheUSreferstotheregionaroundtheGreatLakesandtheupperMississippiValley.3.TheBackboneofNorthAmericareferstotheRockyMountains4.DeathValleyisonthewesternedgeoftheGreatBasin.5.TheGreatPlainsmighthaveaduststorminsummer.6.ThewesternpartofWashingtonStatehasthehighestrainfallintheUS.7.TheUSprimarysuppliersofforeignoilarethefollowingcountriesexceptJapan8.TheUSlargestopen-pitcopper-miningcenterisinUtah.1.TheUnitedStatesisborderedonthenorthbyCanada,onthesouthbyMexicoandtheGuffofMexico,ontheeastbytheAtlanticOcean,andonthewestbythePacificOcean.2.ThelargeterritoryofthecontinentalUSisdividedintothreebasicareas:A.theAtlanticseacoastwesttotheAppalachiansB.theMississippiRiverBasinC.theRockieswesttothePacific3.TheMiddleAtlanticStatesarethemostdenselypopulatedregionintheUS,wherethelandisflatandfertile.4.TheCentralValleyofCaliforniaisahighlyproductivearea,whichproducedenormousamountsoffruitsandvegetables.5.MostproductionofoilandnaturalgasintheUScomesfromoffshoreareasofLouisianaandTexas,andfromonshoreareasofTexas,OklahomaandCalifornia.HerbigconsumptionofenergynowhasmadeAmericainsufficientinoilsupply.TheUSrelianceofforeignoilhasremindedconsistentlyinthe40%ranges.6.TheUnitedStateshaslittletroublecausedbytheshortageoffreshwater.FarmlandsintheUSmakingupabout12%ofthearablelandsintheworld,andtheyareamongtherichestandmostproductive.Chapter2AmericanPopulation1.Theover3millionofearlyAmericansin1790weremostlyofBritishancestry.2.About700,000immigrantswerelegallyreceivedbytheUSeachyearduringthe1980s.3.TheofficialracialsegregationcontinuedtobethelawoftheUSuntil1954.4.AmericanIndiansnowmainlyliveintheSouth.5.ThemajorityofAmericanHispanicsarefromthefollowingcountriesexceptSpain.6.TheWestnowleadsinpercentageincreaseinpopulation.7.Accordingtothe1994UScensus,thesecondmostpopulousstateintheUSisTaxes.8.ThetrendinmigrationfromcitiestosuburbsnowprevailedinallregionsexcepttheSouth.1.TheUnitedStatesisthethirdmostpopulousnationintheworld.2.Priorto1875anyonefromanycountrycouldentertheUSfreelyandtakeuppermanentresidencethere.LatertheUSCongresspassedlawsrestrictingimmigrationonthebasisofmorality,race,andnationalorigin.The1952ImmigrationandNationalityActreaffirmednationaloriginasthechiefcriterionforeligibilityandestablishedapreferentialsystemforskilledworkersandforrelativesoftheUScitizens.FormanyyearstheUSrestrictedtototalnumberofimmigrantsto270,000eachyear,althoughtherealimmigrantsnumberedmuchgreaterthanthelimit.The1990ImmigrationActlimitsthetotalnumberofimmigrantsto700,000from1992to1995and675,000thereafter.3.ThefirstblacksarrivedinJamestownin1619asindenturedservants,butsoon[after1619theywerebroughttocoloniesasslaves.Theblackswereformallyfreedin1863,butcontinuedtosuffertheinstitutionalizedsegregationforaboutacentury.TodaymanyblacksstillliveintheSouth,somehaveenteredthemiddleclass,butone-thirdofallblackfamiliesstilllivebelowthepovertyline.4.TheChinese-Americanshaveprovedtobeindustriousandintelligent.Theyarenowviewedasa“modelminority”intheUS.Accordingtothe2010UScensus,therewereabout3.8millionChinese-AmericanslivingintheUS.Thefigurewasmorethantwicewhatitwasin1990.Chapter3DiscoveryandColonizationoftheNewWorld1.TheancestorsofthepresentAmericanIndianscamefromAsia.2.“Theambitionforthevastlands”isnotcorrecttoexplainthereasonsforthesuddendaringexplorationoftheunknowninthemid-15thcentury.3.Onhisvoyageof1492,ColumbusexpectedtoreachIndia.4.VascodaGamadiscoveredtheroutetoIndia.5.JohnCabotwassentbytheEnglishKingtoexplorethenewwaytotheeast.6.NewYorkwasnotfoundedfirstbytheEnglish.7.ThebreadbasketcoloniesincludethefollowingonesexceptVirginia.(NewYork,Pennsylvania,Maryland)8.Thelastoneofthe13colonieswasGeorgia,whichwasestablishedin1733.1.In1488BartholomewDiaz,sailingunderthePortugueseflag,wenttotheCapeofGoodHopeatthesouthernAfrica.In1492ChristopherColumbus,financedbyrulersofSpainsailedwestacrosstheAtlanticOceananddiscoveredtheislandsoftheCaribbean.HewasconvincedthathehadfoundthecontinentofAsia.2.TheSouthAfricawasdiscoveredbyAmerigoVespucciwhoshowedthelandhearrivedinwasanewcontinent.BeforelongthelandwasnamedAmericaafterhisname.3.Jamestown,thefirstpermanentEnglishsettlement,wasfoundedin1607.In1620,PilgrimsandothersarrivedinPlymouth,Massachusetts.Theydrewup“MayflowerCompact”4.By1775,the13coloniesinNorthAmericacouldbeclassifiedasthefollowingthreekinds.Specifyhowthegovernorswerechosenineach.a.Royal:appointedbytheEnglishKingb.Proprietary:chosenbyproprietorsc.Self-governing:electedbyresidents5.BecausetheNewEnglandcoloniesweredifficultoffarming,theybecomeacenterforfishingandshipbuilding.Themiddlecolonieswereknownasthebreadbasket,whichproducedwheatandpotatoesasthemajorstaple.Thesoutherncoloniesdevelopedaplantationsystem.ThemaincropintheSouthwastobacco.Muchlater,cottonbecameimportantcrop.Chapter4AmericanRevolution1.Therewasagreatchangeinpolicytowardsthe13coloniesafter1763.2.TheStampActof1765firstsetalargescaleofoppositioninthecolonies.3.TheTeaActof1773waspassedbytheBri