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1.Whatislinguistics?Definition:linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientific(systematicinvestigationofdata)study(investigate/examine)oflanguage.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.(Daietal.1)Session1Whatislinguistics?22.Howdoyouinterpretthedefinition“Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage”?1)ThestudyinvolvesalllanguagesingeneralratherthananyparticularlanguagesuchasChinese,English,orRussian.[1.12-13]2)Itischaracterizedbythesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdataonthebasisofsomegeneraltheoryoflanguage.[1.13-16]3)Ittriestocollectandanalyzelanguagefactstodiscoverthenatureandrulesofthelanguagesystem.[1.16-19]4)Itisconductedbyforminghypothesesandtestinghypothesesalternativelyandrepeatedly.[1.20-22]5)Itdemonstratesitsstrengthinadialecticalcomplementationbetweendataandtheory.[2.1-4]6)Itgenerallyfocusesononeaspectoflanguageatatime.[2.13](Daietal.1-2)33.Whataremajorquestionstobeinvestigatedinlinguistics?1)Basicquestionsaboutlanguage(1)Whatislanguage?(2)Howdoeslanguagework?2)Variousquestionsrelatedtolanguage(1)Whatdoalllanguageshaveincommon?(2)Whatrangeofvariationisfoundamonglanguages?(3)Whatmakeslanguagechange?(4)Towhatextentaresocialclassdifferencesreflectedinlanguage?(5)Howdoesachildacquirehismothertongue?(6)Whydopeopleusedifferentexpressionstorefertothesamething?(Daietal.1)4(6)Whydopeopleusedifferentexpressionstorefertothesamething?Whichshouldbeused?“aone-sexschool”or“asingle-sexschool”?Googlesearch:one-sexschool(1,710results)single-sexschool(83,100results)one-sexeducation(8,830results)single-sexeducation(123,000results)“paytheirattentionto”or“paytheirattentionsto”?Googlesearch:paytheirattentionto(2,580,000results)paytheirattentionsto(39,900results)IhavenoanswerbutI’mtryingtofindsomepossibleanswers.(Daietal.1)54.Whatisthedifferencebetween“language”and“alanguage”?1)Languagehererefersto“thegeneralhumancapacityforverbalcommunication”(Graddol4.16),thatis,itdoesnotmeanoneparticularlanguageofacertainsocietybut‘thelanguagesofallhumansocieties’.1)Alanguagereferstoasystemof“specificformsoflanguage”(Graddol4.17).(Daietal.1)•Hypothesis=Unverifiedtheory•Atheoryissimplyasetofinterrelatedhypothesesthataresupportedbyempiricalevidence.[Krashen1987:33c]•Theory=Verifiedhypothesis5.Whatistherelationshipbetweenhypothesisandtheory?61.Whatisthedifferencebetweengenerallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics?(Daietal.2-3)FactorsGenerallinguisticsAppliedlinguisticsPurposeToconstructtheoryTosolvepracticalproblemsTasksTodefinebasicconcepts,todescribefacts,toestablishmodels,todevelopresearchmethods,etc.Toapplylinguistictheoryandprinciplestolanguageteaching,torecoverspeechability,etc.72.Whatisthedifferencebetweenbranchesoflinguisticsandinterdisciplinarybranchesoflinguisticstudy?(Daietal.2-3;Huetal.15-19)FactorsBranchesoflinguisticsInterdisciplinarybranchesAreasofstudyThecoreoflinguistics:DifferentlayersandfacetsoflanguageTheoverlappingareasbetweenlanguageandothersocialphenomenaBranchesPhoneticsSociolinguisticsPhonologyPsycholinguisticsMorphologyAnthropologicallinguisticsSyntaxEducationallinguisticsSemanticsCorpuslinguisticsPragmaticsTextlinguistics81)Thecoreoflinguistics(1)Phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds.[LDLTAL](2)Phonologystudiesthesystemofspeechsoundsinalanguage.[LDCE](3)Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesofwordformation.[Dai34.30-31](4)Syntaxstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgovernsentenceformation.[Dai42.3-5](5)Semanticsstudiesmeaning.[Dai67.3](6)Pragmaticsstudiestheuseoflanguageincommunication.[LDLTAL](Daietal.2)92)Interdisciplinarybranchesoflinguisticstudy(1)Sociolinguisticsstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety.[Dai111.4-5](2)Psycholinguisticsstudiesthelanguageinrelationtothemind.[He214.3-4](3)Educationallinguisticsstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandeducation.[LDLTAL](4)Anthropologicallinguisticsstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandcultureinacommunity.[LDLTAL](5)Corpuslinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasexpressedinsamples(corpora)or“realworld”text.[Wikipedia](6)Textlinguisticsstudiesspokenandwrittentexts.[LDLTAL](Daietal.1)Thescopeoflinguisticstargetlanguage:time:disciplinary:generallinguistics:basicconcept,generalnatureoflanguagespecificlinguistics:takeaspecificlanguageasitsresearchfielddiachroniclinguistic(历时语言学)synchroniclinguistic（共时语言学）（atacertainperiodoftime）intra-disciplinary:Phonetics,Phonology,Morphology,Syntax,Semantics,Pragmaticsinterdisciplinaryfield(交叉学科):sociolinguistics,appliedlinguistics,computationallinguistics,psycholinguistics,neurolinguisticsSomebasicdistinctionsinlinguisticsSpeech&writingDescriptive&prescriptiveSynchronic&diachronicAlinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalyzesfactsobserved.(“What’sinlanguage?”or“whatpeopleactuallysay?”)But,it’sprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior.(“Whatshouldbeinlanguage?”or“whatshouldpeoplesay?”Langue&parole(F.deSaussuretheearly20thcentury)Competence&performance(NoamChomsky1950s)Linguisticpotential&actuallinguistbehavior(M.A.KHalliday1960s)Competenceistheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhi