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QualityQualityQualityQualityAssuranceAssuranceAssuranceAssurance----AirtightnessAirtightnessAirtightnessAirtightnessandandandandwindwindwindwindproofingproofingproofingproofing质量保证————————气密性和防风措施Whilebuildingairtightnessandwindproofingareofkeyimportanceinenergyefficientconstruction,thesequalitiesarealsoessentialforstandardbuildings.Indeed,airtightnessandwindproofingprovidemanyuserbenefits:建筑的气密性和防风性对于节能建筑来说最为关键，这些特性对于标准建筑来说也是必要的。的确，气密性和防风措施为用户带来很多效益：PreventionPreventionPreventionPreventionofofofofbuildingbuildingbuildingbuildingdamagedamagedamagedamage防止建筑损伤If(inacoldclimate)airflowsfromtheinsidetowardstheoutsidethroughnon-airtightbuildingcomponents,thewatervapourcondensesasitcoolsdowninsidethestructureandaccumulatesintheformofdropletsinsidethebuildingcomponent,resultinginmoisturedamage.Asimilareffectcanoccurinhotandhumidclimates,ifwarmairinfiltratesfromtheoutsideintoacooledspace.Inbothsituations,airtightnessisthekeytoagoodsolution.如果（在寒冷的气候中）内部的空气通过无密封的建筑组件流入到外部去，那么水蒸气就会凝结于建筑内部中并且在建筑内部凝结成液滴，导致湿度损伤。类似的情况也发生在炎热并且潮湿的气候，潮湿温暖的空气可以从外部进入到凉爽的地方。在这两种情况中，气密性是最好的解决办法。TheTheTheThepurposepurposepurposepurposeofofofofthermalthermalthermalthermalinsulationinsulationinsulationinsulation热保温用途Ifthestructureisnotairtight,airflowstransportheateventhroughthickinsulationlayers.Despiteawellcarriedoutairtightlayerontheinside,ifthereisnowind-resistantprotectionontheoutsideoftheinsulation,coldaircanflowthrough.Ifthisisthecase,theinsulatingefficiencyofthestructureissignificantlyreduced.如果结构不是密封的，空气流动就会通过厚厚的保温外层将热量运到外部。尽管内部拥有良好的密封层，但是如果外部没有抵御寒风的保温层的话，冷空气还是可以流入室内。如果这样的话，建筑的保温效果就会大大减少。SoundSoundSoundSoundinsulationinsulationinsulationinsulation隔音Eachleakworsenssoundinsulationproperties.Agoodlevelofairtightnessisthereforeanintegralpartofthesoundproofingconcept.每一处裂缝都会使隔音效果变得糟糕。因此良好的气密性是隔音概念的主要组成部分。BetterBetterBetterBetterairairairairqualityqualityqualityquality更好的空气质量Uncontrolledentryofairintolivingareascanleadtoincreasedconcentrationsofpollutants.Airthatflowsthroughastructurecanalsocontaminatetheindoorairwithpollutants.Ifairfromlowerareasistransportedintotheroomsaboveduetothermalupdrafts,contaminationwithmicroorganisms,harmfulsubstancesandpossiblyradonmayresult.无控制的使空气流入到居住空间可导致室内污染物浓度增加。夹杂着污染物的空气通过建筑结构流入到室内也会污染室内空气质量。因为暖气流是上升的，低区域范围内的空气被输送到室内其他房间里，那么含有微生物的污染物、有害物质和氡可能就会产生OptimisedOptimisedOptimisedOptimisedventilationventilationventilationventilation优化通风Airexchangethroughleaksoccursbymeansofwindpressureorthermalupdraft,whichdependverystronglyontheweathersituation.Excessiveairchangeratesoccurjustwhentheyareleastdesired-duringstrongwindsandinverycoldperiods.通过风压和上升气流产生的空气交换很大程度上取决于天气状况。过多的热交换仅当人们不需要它们的时候出现——在强风和非常冷的时候。Thebuildingmustbeairtightinorderfortheventilationsystemstofunctionproperly.Theairchangescanbeselectivelyadjustedfortheindividualrooms,largelyindependentlyoftheexternalinfluences.Forsupply/exhaustairsystemswithheatrecovery,allfreshairshouldbesuppliedviatheunit’sheatexchange.Aairchangerateduetoleakagesof0.1h-1correspondswithventilationheatlossesofabout5to7kWh/(m²a)inaCentralEuropeanclimate.建筑必须是密封的这样才能使通风系统更好的运行。个别房间里的换气次数可以有选择的被调节，绝大部分与外界影响无关。安有热回收的供气/排气系统，所有新鲜空气通过这个装置的热传导来提供。在中欧气候中，由0.1h-1这个渗透率引起的交换空气率与通风系统5至7千瓦时/平方米的热损失相一致。ThermalThermalThermalThermalComfortComfortComfortComfort热舒适度Airenteringthroughleakscausesdraughtsandcoldairpockets,resultingincoldfeetandunpleasantverticaltemperaturestratificationintheindividualroomsaswellastheentirebuilding.从裂缝中进入的空气会引起气流和冷空气聚集，这将导致建筑低层非常寒冷，并且所有房间甚至整个建筑会形成讨厌的垂直温度分层ReducedReducedReducedReducedenergyenergyenergyenergyconsumptionconsumptionconsumptionconsumption降低能源消耗Duetothereasonsdescribed,buildingairtightnessleadstoasignificantreductioninenergyconsumptionandcosts.由于以上所描述的原因，建筑的气密性会大大降低能源损耗和成本Withreferencetoairtightnessandminimumairchangerates,theGermanenergysavingregulations(EnEV)stipulatethat“buildingsbebuiltinsuchawaythatthebuildingenvelopethroughwhichheatcanbetransferred,includingthejoints,ispermanentlysealedinanairtightmannerinaccordancewiththerecognisedengineeringprinciples”(Paragraph§6).TherequirementsregardingtheevidenceoftotalbuildingairtightnessaremorepreciselydefinedinAppendix4.2oftheEnEVregulations:有关气密性和最小换气率，德国能源节约条例（EnEV）规定：“建筑应该这样被建造：可传递热量的建筑外围结构包括连接处，要以密封的方式进行永久密封，这与被认证的工程原理相一致”（第六段）。关于建筑气密性证明的需求的精确定义，可参阅德国能源节约条例附录4.2“If[…]requirements[…]arechecked,thevolumetricflowmeasuredatapressuredifferenceof50PabetweentheinsideandtheoutsideinaccordancewithDINEN13829:2001-02–basedontheheatedorcooledairvolumewithinabuilding“在室内与室外保持着50帕的压力差异时，所测量出来的体积流量与建筑内被加热或者被冷却的空气体积一样。●withoutairconditioningsystemsmaynotexceed3.0h-1不使用空调系统或许会超过3.0小时一次的换气量●forbuildingswithairconditioningsystemsmaynotexceed1.5h-1”.使用空调系统的建筑可能不会超过1.5小时一次的换气量Part7oftheDIN4108dealswiththeairtightnessofbuildingcomponentsandconnections,andrecommendationsaregivenforplanningandimplementation.DIN4108，第7部分涉及到建筑组件和连接处的气密性，并且给出了有关实施方案的建议。EvenEvenEvenEvenhigherhigherhigherhigherrequirementsrequirementsrequirementsrequirementsforforforforairtightnessairtightnessairtightnessairtightnessapplyapplyapplyapplyforforforforPassivePa