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1.AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.ItisthereligiousbeliefofthePuritans,whohadintendedto“purify”orsimplifythereligiousritualsoftheChurchofEngland.TheybelievedintheoriginalsinandtheharshDayofDoom,somegoodpeople---thechosenpeopleor“theElect”---maybesaved.Theirwayoflifewasbasedontheirsomberreligionandstressedhardwork,thrift,pietyandsobriety.Puritansaremorepractical,tougher,andtobereadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailure.Theyareoptimistic.2.TranscendentalismTheTranscendentalismmovementwasareactionagainst18thcenturyrationalismandamanifestationofthegeneralhumanitariantrendof19thcenturythought.ThemovementwasbasedonafundamentalbeliefintheunityoftheworldandGod.MainlyitstressedintuitiveunderstandingofGod,withoutthehelpofthechurch,andadvocatedindependenceofthemind.TherepresentativewritersareEmersonandThoreau.超验主义（1830s—theCivilWar）：(1830-1850)既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分Transcendentalism:(1830-1850)Definedastherecognitioninmanofthecapacityofacquiringknowledgetranscendingthereachofthefivesenses,orofknowingtruthintuitively,orofreachingthedivinewithouttheneedofanintercessor.Ithadsomebasicprinciplesthatweregenerallysharedbyitsadherents.TheybelievedthatGodisimmanentineachpersonandinnatureandthatindividualintuitionisthehighestsourceofknowledgeledtoanoptimisticemphasisonindividualism,self-relianceandrejectionoftraditionalauthority.1.Stressthepowerofintuition,believingthatpeoplecouldlearnthingsbothfromtheoutsideworldbymeansofthefivesensesandfromtheinnerworldbyintuition.2.Placespirit(oversoul)firstandmattersecond3.TakenatureassymbolicofspiritorGod.Naturecouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonhumanmind.Peopleshouldcomeclosetonatureforinstructions4.Stresstheimportanceoftheindividual(theidealkindofindividualisself-reliantandunselfish(individuality).5.Exaltfeeling(subjectivity,imagination,heartthinking)overreason(rationalism,headthinking),individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.代表：RalphWaldoEmerson：Nature,Self-reliance；HenryDavidThoreau：WaldenItexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.Theybelievedinthetranscendenceofthe“Oversoul”,anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.3.FreeVersemeanstherhymedorunrhymedpoetrycomposedwithoutpayingattentiontoconventionalrulesofmeter，instead,itusesthecadences(抑扬顿挫)ofnaturalspeech.ItwasoriginatedbyagroupofFrenchpoetsofthelate19thcentury.Theirpurposewastofreethemselvesfromtherestrictionsofformalmetricalpatternsandtorecreate.WaltWhitman‘sLeavesofGrass(1819-1892)isanotableexample.4.AmericanNaturalismisaliterarymovementthatbecamepopularinlate19thcenturyAmericaandisoftenassociatedwithliteraryrealism.Viewedasacombinationofrealismandromanticism,criticscontendthattheAmericanformisheavilyinfluencedbytheconceptofdeterminism–thetheorythatheredityandenvironmentinfluencedeterminehumanbehavior.Althoughnaturalismisoftenassociatedwithrealism,whichalsoseekstoaccuratelyrepresenthumanexistence,thetwomovementsaredifferentiatedbythefactthatnaturalismisconnectedtothedoctrineofbiological,economic,andsocialdeterminism.AhandfulofsignificantAmericanauthors,suchasStephenCraneandTheodoreDreiser,utilizedtheforminmakingtheirnovelslikeTheRedBadgeofCourageandSisterCarrie.5.TheGildedAgereferstotheeraofrapideconomicandpopulationgrowthintheUnitedStatesduringthepost-CivilWarandpost-Reconstructionerasofthelate19thcentury.TheGildedAgeismostfamousforthecreationofamodernindustrialeconomy.ThetermGildedAgewascoinedbyMarkTwainandCharlesDudleyWarnerintheir1873book,TheGildedAge:ATaleofToday.TheendoftheGildedAgecoincidedwiththePanicof1893,adeepdepression.Thedepressionlasteduntil1897andmarkedamajorpoliticalrealignmentintheelectionof1896.AfterthatcametheProgressiveEra.6.TheLostGenerationisagroupofexpatriateAmericanwritersresidingprimarilyinParisduringthe1920sand1930s.ThegroupwasgivenitsnamebytheAmericanwriterGertrudeStein,whousedalostgenerationtorefertoexpatriateAmericansbitterabouttheirWorldWarIexperiencesanddisillusionedwithAmericansociety.HemingwaylaterusedthephraseasanepigraphforhisnovelTheSunAlsoRises.ItconsistedofmanyinfluentialAmericanwriters,includingErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgeraldandWilliamCarlosWilliams.7.TheHarlemRenaissanceOriginallycalledtheNewNegroMovement,TheHarlemRenaissancewasaliteraryandintellectualfloweringthatfosteredanewblackculturalidentityinthe1920sand1930s.Withracismstillrampantandeconomicopportunitiesscare,creativeexpressionwasoneofthefewavenuesavailabletoAfricanAmericansintheearlytwentiethcentury.Manyofthesebeliefswereemphasizedthenecessityofblackliberation,retainingblackculturalpride,andnotgivingintowhitestandards,especiallytheawarenessoftheblack’sidentity.HarlembecamethebiggesthotspotinAmericaforanyaspiringAfricanAmericanartist.Respondingtotheheadyintellectualatmosphereofthetimeandplace,writersandartists,manyofwhomlivedinHarlem,begantoproduceawidevarietyoffineandhighlyoriginalworksdealingwithAfrican-Americanlife