欧洲文化入门-第七章-浪漫主义

DivisionsevenRomanticismWhatisRomanticism?Itwasamovementinliterature,philosophy,musicandartwhichdevelopedinEuropeinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.Itheldthatclassicismfailedtoexpressman'semotionalnatureandoverlookedhisprofoundinnerforces.Asareactiontotheindustrialrevolution,itlookedtothedirectcontactwithnatureforinspiration.Romanticismemphasizedindividualvaluesandaspirationsabovethoseofsociety.Romanticism(literature)amovementintheliteratureofalmosteverycountryofEurope,theUS,andLatinAmericafromabout1750toabout1870Theterm“romantic”originallymeant“romancelike”—resemblingthefancifulcharacterofmedievalromances.CharacteristicsofRomanticismrelianceontheimaginationandsubjectivity主观，主体性EmphasisonindividualfreedomofthoughtandexpressionidealizationofnatureEulogy赞美ofpuresentimentsandidealbeautyflexibility自由offormandstyleadaptedtovaryingcontentemphasisonthesubjective,thespontaneous自发的，自然而然产生的andeventhesupernatural超自然的.Theyhelduptheindividualofpuresentimentsasawayofpersonalsalvation救赎amidstthevicesofindustrializedsociety.Theylongedtoreturntonatureandtochildlikeinnocence.Theylookedtotheidyllic田园的lifeasanescapefromthecorruptandpollutedurbancivilization.Ashiftofemphasisimaginationoverreasonemotionsoverlogicintuition直觉oversciencefromtheuniversal普遍的宇宙的totheindividualfromthesocialtothepersonalOriginBythelate18thcenturyinFranceandGermany,literarytastebegantoturnfromclassicalandneoclassicalconventionstoRomanticism.twogreatforerunners:RousseauGoetheTheleadingRomanticistsinEnglandBlakeWordsworth,ColeridgeByron,ShelleyandKeatsScottinFranceHugoSandinGermanyHeineinRussiaPushkinII.RomanticisminGermanyGoetheandSchillerGoethe’sTheSorrowsofYoungWerther(1774)Schiller’sLoveandIntrigueSchlegelBrothers(theJenaSchool)TheJenaSchool:SchlegelBrothers,NovalisandTieckHeinrichHeine(1749-1832)JohannWolfgangvonGoetheEarlylifeThegreatfriendshipcreations4123ContentsWeimarandItalianJohannWolfgangGoethe(1749-1832)isthemid-18thcenturytoearly19thcenturyGermanyandEuropeimportantwriter,hislifeacrosstwocenturies,whentheEuropeansocialturbulenceoftheeraofgreatchangeGoethe'sworksspanthefieldsofpoetry,drama,literature,theology,Humanism,science,andpainting.GoetheGermannationalliteratureisthemostprominentrepresentativeoftheGermanliterarycreationtoEurope'sadvancedlevel,aswellasthedevelopmentofEuropeanliteraturemadegreatcontributionsBriefintroductionEarlylifeJohannWolfgangGoethewasbornedin1749,whenhewasyoung,helivedwithhisfamilyinalargehouseinFrankfurt,thenanImperialFreeCityoftheHolyRomanEmpire.Hewasverycleaverwhenhewasasmallboy,hehadfromchildhoodthesingularhabitofalwayslearningbyheartthebeginningsofbooks,andthedivisionsofawork.Goethe’shometownGoethestudiedlawinLeipzigfrom1765to1768.Atthattime,GoethefellinlovewithandwrotecheerfulversesaboutherintheRococogenre.In1770,heanonymouslyreleasedAnnette,hisfirstcollectionofpoems.InFrankfurt,Goethebecameseverelyill.Duringtheyearandahalfthatfollowed,becauseofseveralrelapses,therelationshipwithhisfatherworsened.Duringconvalescence,Goethewasnursedbyhismotherandsister.Boredinbed,hewroteanimpudentcrimecomedy.InApril1770,hisfatherlosthispatience;GoetheleftFrankfurtinordertofinishhisstudiesinStrasbourg.Goethe’sroomGoethe’sgardenGoethe’sclockGoethe’sdeskGoethe’skitchenIn1775,Goethewasinvited,onthestrengthofhisfameastheauthorofthesorrowsofyoungwerther,tothecourtofCaralAugust,DukeofSaxe-Weimar-Eisenach,whowouldbecomeGrandDukein1815.(TheDukeatthetimewas18yearsofage,toGoethe's26.)GoethethuswenttoliveinWeimar,whereheremainedfortherestofhislifeandwhere,overthecourseofmanyyears,heheldasuccessionofoffices,becomingtheDuke'schiefadviser.EarlyyearsinWeimar缇士拜恩的画“歌德在意大利”Goethe'sjourneytotheItalianpeninsulafrom1786to1788wasofgreatsignificanceinhisaestheticalandphilosophicaldevelopment.EarlyyearsinItalianHealsojourneyedtoSicilyduringthistime,andwroteintriguinglythatTohaveseenItalywithouthavingseenSicilyistonothaveseenItalyatall,forSicilyisthecluetoeverything.WhileinSouthernItalyandSicily,Goetheencountered,forthefirsttimegenuineGreek(asopposedtoRoman)architecture,andwasquitestartledbyitsrelativesimplicity.Winckelmannhadnotrecognizedthedistinctnessofthetwostyles.In1794FriedrichSchillerwrotetoGoetheofferingfriendship;theyhadpreviouslyhadonlyamutuallywaryrelationshipeversincefirstbecomingacquaintedin1788.ThiscollaborativefriendshiplasteduntilSchiller'sdeathin1805.ThegreatfriendshipSchillerFriedrichvonSchiller(1759-1805)Schillerwasbornatapoorcitizen'sfamilyofGermanWurttemburgprincipality,Attheageof14，SchillerwasforcedbytheprincipalityrulerWurttemburgduketogotoCarl'sschooltostudylaw,afterwardsjustagreethathecouldlearnmedical.SchilleristhesecondmilestoneonlynexttoGoetheintheGermanclassicliteratureThecreationsofyouthfulSchillermainlyhavefour-partdrama.《robber》writingin1780ishisrepresentativework.In1782hisanotherdrama《schemeandlove》makesamorebrillianceandstrongerbeagainstfeudality。InMay,1805,SchillerpassawayandGoetheisverypainful，hesays:IlostSchillerandalsolostthehalfofmylife.AfterGoethepassingaway,accordingtohisd