Chaptersevenlanguage,culture,andsocietyDiscussionsinthischapter1.languageandculture2.languageandsociety3.languageandcross-culturalcommunication7.1.1howdoeslanguagerelatetoculture?LanguagestudyconductedinthepastEversincethebeginningoftheeighteenthcentury,thelinguisticinquiryoflanguagehasbeeneithercomparativeandhistoricalorstructuralandformalizedinnature.Changestookplaceatthestartofthe20thcentury----tostudylanguageanthropologically.AnthropologicallinguisticsAbranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureinacommunity,e.g.itstradition,beliefs,andfamilystructure.语言学的一个分支,研究一个社团的语言和文化之间的关系,如传统、信仰和家庭结构。Forexample,anthropologicallinguistshavestudiedthewaysinwhichrelationshipwithinthefamilyareexpressedindifferentcultures(kinshipterminology),andtheyhavestudiedhowpeoplecommunicatewithoneanotheratcertainsocialandculturalevents,e.g.ceremonies,rituals,andmeetings,andthenrelatedthistotheoverallstructureoftheparticularcommunity.例如,人类语言学家对家庭成员关系在不同文化中的表达方式进行了研究,对于人们在某些社会文化活动,如庆典、仪式及会议中的交际方式,他们也作了研究,并将这些研究和特定社团的整体结构联系起来。Someareasofanthropologicallinguisticsarecloselyrelatedtoareasofsociolinguisticsandtheethnographyofcommunication.人类语言学的某些领域与社会语言学和交际人种学有着紧密的联系。PioneersinEurope:(England)Malinowski,Firth.NorthAmerica:(America)Boas,Sapir,andWhorf.WorkinEnglandThemeaningofawordgreatlydependeduponitsoccurrenceinagivencontext,orrather,uponareallanguagesituationinlife.Wood:twointerpretations1.2.canoeSpeechacttheoryLanguageisamodeofactionThisviewoflanguageisthebasisforthegenerationofthespeechacttheory.ContributionbyMalinowskiPavedthewayforacultural,rather,acontextualstudyoflanguageuseinBritain.HisinfluenceUnderhisanthropologicalviewoflanguageandbeingfullyawareoftheimportanceofthecontextinthestudyoflanguageuse,Firth,aleadingfigureinalinguistictraditionlaterknownastheLondonschool,triedtosetupamodelforillustratingthecloserelationshipsbetweenlanguageuseanditsco-occurrentfactors.HedevelopedThestrongcultural-orientedimplicationsofthetheorybyFirth1.thecreativityanddiversityoflinguisticidiosyncrasyinlanguageuse.2.“whospeaks(orwrites)whatlanguage(orwhatlanguagevariety)towhomandwhenandtowhatend”ThefurtheranceofthetheorybyHallidayThefounderofsystemic-functionallinguistics,Heviewslanguagefromasociallysemioticorinteractionalperspective,heinterpretsgrammarfunctionallyasaresourceofmeaningpotential,andhislinguisticmodelinthestudyofliterature.ResearchworkinAmericaBoas,Sapir,WhorfTheanthropologicalapproachtothestudyoflanguageandculturelaidafirmfoundationinthehistoryoflinguisticdevelopment.EthnographyofcommunicationThestudyoftheplaceoflanguageincultureandsociety.Languageisnotstudiedinisolationbutwithinasocialand/orculturalsetting.Ethnographyofcommunicationstudies,forexample,howpeopleinaparticulargrouporcommunitycommunicatewitheachotherandhowthesocialrelationshipsbetweenthesepeopleaffectthetypeoflanguagetheyuse.对语言在文化和社会中的位置的研究。语言的研究不是孤立的而是在社会和/或文化环境内进行的。交际人种学研究,例如,特定群体或社团内的人们如何相互交际的,这些人之间的社会关系是如何影响他们所使用的语言的。TheconceptofanethnographyofcommunicationwasadvancedbytheAmericansocialanthropologistandlinguistHymesandthisapproachisimportantinsociolinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.交际人种学是由美国社会人类学家和语言学家海姆斯倡导的,对于社会语言学和应用语言学来说是一个重要部分。ComponentsofSPEAKINGSPEAKINGAtheoryabouttherelationoflanguageandcultureItisinfluentialandextremelycontroversialThehypothesisconcerningthelanguage,thought,andculture.SuggestedbyBenjiaminLeeWhorfTheSapir—WhorfHypothesisSuggestionsofthehypothesisLanguagehelpsmouldpeople’swayofthinking;Differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Inotherwords,itmeans:1.languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns----linguisticdeterminism2.similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative.----linguisticrelativity(firstexpoundedbytheGermanethnologist,WilhelmvonHumboldt)AfamousfollowerofthehypothesisEugeneNida,awell-knownlinguistandtranslationtheorist,InvolvedintheBibletranslationworkacrossdifferentlanguagesFivetypesofsubcultureproposedbyNida1.ecologicalculture2.linguisticculture3.religiousculture4.materialculture5.socialculture7.1.2moreabouttheSapir—WhorfhypothesisProponentsHopi,anAmericanNativelanguagespokeninArizona,a“timeless”languageOpponentsDugumDani,aPapuanlanguagespokeninthecentralhighlandsofIrianJaya.WordcolortermsPredictionLinguisticstudiesinthenewcenturywillbecomemorefruitfulifanevolutionary,cognitive,andinterdisciplinaryperspectiveistakeninitstheoreticpursuit.7.1.3casestudies1.Theinterplayoflanguageandculturerangesfromtextualstructuretophonologicalvariation.2.Phonologicaldifferencesordialectalaccentsrevealmorethangeographicaloriginsofspeakers.RPGA3.Wordsaresometimes“idiomatically-governed”and“culturally-specific”.7.1.4towhichextentdoweneedcultureinourlinguisticstudy?AstudyoflinguisticissuesinaculturalsettingcangreatlypromoteourunderstandingofMOTIVATIONandDIRCTIONALITYinlanguagechange.7.1.5cultureinlanguageteachingclassroomThreeobjectivestoteachcultureinourlanguageclass:1.2.3.Successfulmasteryofagivenlanguagehasmuchtodowithanunderstandingofthatculture.7.2languageandsocietyThestudyoflanguagecanhelpustoknowmorea