胡壮麟语言学教程03Chapter-3-lexicon

ChapterThreeLexicon1.MorphologyMorphology:thestudyofword-formation,ortheinternalstructureofwords,ortherulesbywhichwordsareformedfromsmallercomponents--morphemes.1.1MorphemesThesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.1.2TypesofmorphemesFreevs.Boundmorphemes:Freemorphemes:thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,egboy,girl,table,nation.Boundmorphemes:thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.Root:thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity,egfriendasinunfriendliness.Rootsmaybefree:thosethatcanstandbythemselves,egblack+board;nation+-al;orbound:thosethatcannotstandbythemselves,eg-ceiveinreceive,perceive,conceive.Affix:thetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Normallydividedintoprefix(dis-,un-)andsuffix(-en,-ify).Stem:amorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixmaybeadded,egfriend+-s;write+-ing,possibility+-es.Inflection:indicategrammaticalrelationsbyaddinginflectionalaffixes,egnumber,tense,case,etc.Derivation:affixation.combinationofabaseandanaffixtoformanewword,egfriend+-lyfriendly.Prefixationandsuffixation.Base:apartofawordtowhichaderivationalaffixisadded,ModernmodernizeModernizemodernizationAllomorphAllomorphanyofthedifferentformsofamorpheme.Iliriminallomorphsofmorphemein.Morphologicalchangetakestheformofinflectionalchangesinaffixes.Thirdpersonpresenttenseformfromethtos.Findethfinds2.Whatisword?Thesmallestlinguisticunitwhichcanoccuronitsowninspeechorwriting.2.1IdentificationofwordsStability:stablelinguisticunits.chairman,butnot*manchairRelativeuninterruptibility:thoughwerecognizethreecomponentsintheworddisappointment,wecannotpauseandaddanothercomponentinbetween,asin*disinterestappointment.Butwecanaddanotherwordbetweenwords:Paul,(John)andMary...Aminimumfreeform:thesmallestunitthatcanconstituteacompleteutterancebyitself,eg--IsJanecomingtonight?--Possibly.Hi.Wonderful.2.2ClassificationofwordsVariablevs.InvariableWords:Variablewords:haveinflectivechanges.write,writes,writing,wrote,written;cat,cats.Invariablewords:donothaveinflectivechanges.since,when,seldom,through,etc.Grammaticalvs.LexicalWords:Grammatical/Functionwords:conjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronouns.Constructgroup,phraseandsentence,linktogetherdifferentcontentparts.Lexical/Contentwords:nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs.Refertosubstance,qualityandaction,carrythemaincontentofalanguage.Closed-classvs.Open-classWords:Closed-classwords:Newmemberscannotnormallybeadded,egpronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,auxiliaries.Onewhosemembershipisfixed.Open-classwords:Newmemberscanbeadded,egnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.Onewhosemembershipisinfinite.Wordclass:knownasPartsofSpeechintraditionalgrammar.Noun,verb,adjective,adverb,preposition,pronoun,conjunction,interjection,article,etc.Somenewtermsinwordclass:Particle:infinitiveto,negativenot,subordinateunitsinphrasalverbs“getby”,“breakup”,etc.Auxiliary:do,haveModalverbs:can,will,may,must,etc.Pro-forms:functionasasubstituteforanotheritem.Pronoun:he,she,I,they,everyonePro-adjective:Yourcarisred.Soishis.Pro-verb:HespeaksEnglishbetterthanhedid.Pro-adverb:HehopestowinandIhopesotoo.Pro-locative:Hewentthere.Determiner:allthearticles,demonstratives,andothermodifiers.3Word-formationInflectionalMorphologyDerivational/LexicalMorphologyMorphology3.1InflectionNominalforms:boys,boy’sVerbforms:wants,wanted,wantingAdjective/adverbforms:smaller,smallestDerivationwayofformationincludesderivationandcompounding.DerivationcombinationofabaseandanaffixtoformanewwordCompoundingTwoormorewordscombinetomakeanewword.Wordsformedinthiswaycompounds.Nouncompounds:daybreak,playboy,haircut,windmillVerbcompounds:brainstorm,lipread,babysitAdjectivecompounds:gray-haired,insect-eating,dutyfreePrepositioncompounds:into,throughoutEndocentric&exocentricEndocentric:oneelementservesastheheadverbalorsyntheticcompoundNominalandadjectivalcompoundsbyN(participant)+deverbalhead(process)Exocentric:thereisnoheadExocentricnominalcompoundbyV+N,V+adv,V+PExocentricadjectivalcompoundbyV+N,V+advWrittenformsofcompoundsSolid:blackboard,teapot,bodyguardHyphenated:wedding-ring,wave-lengthOpen:coffeetable,washingmachineFreevariation:businessman,business-man,businessmanwinebottle,wine-bottle,winebottlenoone,no-one,noone4.Lexicalchange4.1Word-formationthroughlexicalchange4.1.1Invention/CoinageMostlybrandnames:Kodak,Coke,nylon,Xerox,Bandit,Lycra4.1.2Blendingtransfer+resistortransistorsmoke+fogsmogteleprinter+exchangetelexmodulator+demodulatormodem4.1.3AbbreviationsClippingBack-clippings:ad(vertisement),exam(ination),lab(oratory),Fore-clippings:(ham)burger,(omni)bus,(heli)copter,(tele)phone,(earth)quake.Fore-and-aftclippings:(in)flu(enza),(de)tec(tive).AIDS,Aids:AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndromeASAP:assoonaspossibleCD-ROM:compactdiscread-onlymemorydink(y):doubleinc