搜索
Chapter7salestaxObjectives:–Understandthegeneralprinciplesoftheoperationofasalestax.–Calculatesalestaxontransactionsandrecordtheconsequentaccountingentries.11.Thenatureofsalestaxandhowitiscollected（1）definition–Salestaxisanindirecttaxleviedonthesaleofgoodsandservices.–Salestax(VAT:valueaddedtax,增值税）istaxonexchanges.Itisleviedonthevalueaddedthatresultsfromeachexchange.AVATisanindirecttax,inthatthetaxiscollectedfromsomeoneotherthanthepersonwhoactuallybearsthecostofthetax.2•采用购进扣税法：•当期应交的增值税=当期销项税额-当期进项税额–销项税额（outputsalestax)=销售额*销售税率–进项税额（inputsalestax)=购进货物或接受劳务支付的税额1.1Howtolevysalestax3•Outputsalestaxexceedsinputsalestax,thebusinesspaysthedifferenceintax.•Outputsalestaxislessthaninputsalestax,thetaxauthoritieswillreturnthedifferencetothebiz.4Notes:•Gross(ortaxinclusive)sellingprice:含税价•Net(ortaxexclusive)sellingprice:不含税价•Grosssellingprice=netsellingpricex(1+taxrate)•netsellingprice=grosssellingprice/(1+taxrate)52accountingforsalestax•Salestaxdoesnotaffecttheincomestatement.•“salestaxpayable”–Sales:–Purchase:–Paidsalestax:•Debitsalestaxpayable•CreditcashatbankDr.tradeaccountreceivablecr.Salessalestaxpayable(output)Dr.puchasesalestaxpayable(input)cr.Tradeaccountpayable6Conclusion:•Salestaxdoesnotaffecttheincomestatement.•Anoutstandingpayableforsalestaxwillappearasacurrentliabilityinthebalancesheet.•Occasionally,abusinesswillbeowedmoneybackbytheauthorities,andinsuchasituation,thesalestaxrefundowedbytheauthoritieswouldbeacurrentassetintheB/S.7•Irrecoverable(不能抵扣的进项税）–在英国，高档品，奢侈品不能抵扣–Payforexpense•Wheresalestaxisnotrecoverableitmustberegardedaspartofthecostoftheitems.（如果购入时的进项税额不能抵扣，则将购入时支付的进项税额全部记入购入货物或接受劳务的成本）1.4Irrecoverablesalestax(不能抵扣的进项税额）81.5Reliefforirrecoverabledebts•如果应收帐款逾期6个月（从供货日起算）没有收回，对于该部分应收帐款所缴纳的销售税可以得到减除，并从应缴税金中得以扣除。•如果客户随后支付了该笔应收帐款，则将补交该部分销售税金。9Chapter8InventoryObjectives:–UnderstandthemainprovisionsofIAS2–Dealwithopeningandclosinginventoryintheledgeraccountsofbusiness.–Understandtheuseofcontinuousandperiodendinventoryrecord–CalculatethevalueofclosinginventoryusingFIFOandAVCO–Calculatethecostofgoodssold10Definitions(fromIAS2):•Inventories:(p140)(1)Include:–Goodspurchaseandheldforresale–Finishedgoodsproduced–Workinprogressbeingproduced–Rawmaterials11(2)Costofinventories–Purchase–Costofconversion–Othercostincurredinbringingtheinventoriestotheirpresentlocationandcondition12Importantequation:Sales–costofgoodssold=grossprofitOpeninginventory+purchase–closinginventory=costofgoodsold.P1261.5example1costofgoodssold13Openinginventory+PurchaseCostofgoodssoldClosinginventoryBalancesheetIncomestatement可供销售的存货1costofgoodssold14•Costofcarriageinwards:(进货运费）–Isusuallyaddedtothecostofpurchases.•Costofcarriageoutwards(销货运费）–IsasellinganddistributionexpenseintheI/S1.6Thecostofcarriageinwardsandoutwards15(1)Purchase:dr.purchasesalestaxpayable(input)cr.Cashortradepayableaccount(2)Salesdr.cashortradereceivableaccountcr.Salessalestaxpayable(output)2Accountingforopeningandclosinginventories16“Inventory“只有在期末时采用，通过计价，将库存存货计入”inventory”,平时购入的存货都记入”purchase”(3)期末：dr.tradeI&Ecr.Purchasedr.inventory(closinginventoryvalue)cr.TradeI&E17•(4)下期初：•dr.tradeI&E•cr.Inventory18P129Step1:journaliseinmindStep2:posttoledgerStep3:balanceallassetamdliabilityledgersStep4:opentrade,I&Ea/c,expenseaccountsandrevenueaccountbetransferredtoStep5:openinventoryaccountStep6:transferI&Etocapitala/cStep7:balanccapitalStep8drawfinancialstatements193Countinginventories(1)CountinginventoriesPhysicalcourt(实地盘存法）–实地盘存，是平时账簿中登记财产的增加数，不登记减少数，月末，对各项财产物资进行盘点根据实地盘点确定期末存货数。20•Continuousinventoryrecords(永续盘存法）–永续盘存制是对存货的增加（receipts)和减少(issues)，平时都要连续地记入有关账薄，并随时结出账面余额的一种核算方法。21•Valuationmethods:–Expectedsellingprice–NRV–Historicalcost–Replacementcost4valuingInventories22Definition(fromIAS2)•Netrealisablevalue(p140)–NRVistheestimatedsellingpriceintheordinarycourseofbusinesslesstheestimatedcostsofcompletionandtheestimatedcostsnecessarytomakethesale.•IAS2state:Attheendofanaccountingperiod,theinventoryshouldbevaluedatthelowerofNRVorcost.23•Determiningthepurchasecost(期末存货计价）–FIFO(Firstin,firstout)–AVCO(Averagecost)24FIFO•先进先出法是指根据先入库先发出的原则，对于发出的存货以先入库存货的单价计算发出存货成本的方法.采用这种方法的具体做法是：先按存货的期初余额的单价计算发出的存货的成本，领发完毕后，再按第一批入库的存货的单价计算，依此从前向后类推，计算发出存货和结存货的成本.25AVCO•移动加权平均法是指以每次进货的成本加上原有库存存货的成本,除以每次进货数量加上原有库存存货的数量,据以计算加权平均单位成本,作为在下次进货前计算各次发出存货成本依据的一种方法.每次进货的成本+原有存货的成本加权平均单位成本进货数量+原有存货数量=26•Differentinventoryvaluationhaveproduceddifferentcostofsalesfigures,andthereforedifferentprofit.4.6Inventoryvaluationandprofit271.8goodswrittenofforwrittendown•Writtenoff:thevalueisnothing,iftheyareworthless•Writtendown:thevalueisthenetrealisablevalue(NRV),ifthisvalueislessthanoriginalcost28•Whengoodsarelost,stolenorthrownawayasworthless,thebusinesswillmakealossonthosegoods.•Thevalueoftheinventoriesshouldbewrittendownto:nothingorNRV29recognitionasanexpense–Costofgoodsold–Write-downofinventories–Reversalofanywrite-downofinventories30Example•Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthevaluationofinventoryarecorrect,accordingtoIAS2inventories.1.Inventoryitemsarenormallytobevaluedatthehigherofcostandn