Unit2-Communicative-Principles-and-TBLT-英语教学法

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Unit2CommunicativePrinciplesandTask-basedLanguageTeaching交际原则及任务型语言教学TeachingAims:Todiscussoneofthemostimportanttrendsinsecond/foreignlanguageteachinginthepastthreedecades,thatisthepracticeofcommunicativelanguageteaching2.TeachingContent:Languageuseinreallifevs.traditionalpedagogyFosteringcommunicationcompetenceTheimplementationoflanguageskillsCommunicativeactivitiesConclusion:Howdowelearnlanguage?PartI.1LanguageuseinreallifeVS.TraditionalpedagogyInreallifeInclassrooms(traditionalpedagogy)Languageisusedtoperformcertaincommunicativefunctions(togivedirections,toexchangeinformation,tomakeacomplaints,etc.)Theteachingfocusisoftenonformsratherthanfunctions.Useallskills,includingreceptiveskillssuchaslisteningandreadingskill,andproductiveskillssuchasspeakingandwritingFocusononeortwolanguageskillsandignoretheothersLanguageisalwaysusedinacertaincontextTendstoisolatelanguagefromitscontextPart1.2Whatiscommunicativecompetence?Communicativecompetenceisaterminlinguisticswhichreferstoalanguageuser‘sgrammaticalknowledgeofsyntax(句法),morphology(构词),phonology(音位)andthelike,aswellassocialknowledgeabouthowandwhentouseutterancesappropriately.ThetermwascoinedbyDellHymesin1966,reactingagainsttheperceivedinadequacyofNoamChomsky‘s(1965)distinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.ToaddressChomsky’sabstractnotionofcompetence,Hymesundertookethnographicexplorationofcommunicativecompetencethatincluded“communicativeformandfunctioninintegralrelationtoeachother”(Leung,2005).[3]TheapproachpioneeredbyHymesisnowknownastheethnographyofcommunication.(交际人种志)Whatiscommunicativecompetence?Onelanguageformmayexpressanumberofcommunicativefunctionsandonecommunicativefunctioncanalsobeexpressedbyavarietyoflanguageforms.Thespeakersnotonlyhavetoknowfunctionalmeaningofthelanguagebutalsothesocialcontextwherethemessageisgiven.PartI.2.1ComponentofCommunicativecompetenceHedge’sdiscusstion–Liguisticcompetence(语言能力):isconcernedwithknowledgeofthelanguageitself,itsformandmeaning–Pragmaticcompetence(语用能力):whentospeak,whennot,whattotalkaboutwithwhom,when,whereandinwhatmanner–Discoursecompetence(话语能力):theabilitytoexpressortounderstandatopiclogicallyandcoherently–Strategiccompetence(策略能力):theabilitytocompensateforcommunicationbreakdownbysearchingforothermeansofexpression–Fluency(流畅性能力):theabilitytolinkunitsofspeechtogetherwithfacilityandwithoutstrainorinapprociateslownessorunduehesitationCanaleandSwain(1980)definedcommunicativecompetenceintermsoffourcomponents–grammaticalcompetence:wordsandrules–sociolinguisticcompetence:appropriateness–discoursecompetence:cohesionandcoherence–strategiccompetence:appropriateuseofcommunicationstrategiesConclusionCommunicativecompetenceentailsknowingnotonlythelanguagecodeortheformoflanguage,butalsowhattosaytowhomandhowtosayitapprociatelyinanygivensituation,includingkownoledgeofwhattosay,when,how,where,andtowhomThroughtheinfluenceofcommunicativelanguageteaching,ithasbecomewidelyacceptedthatcommunicativecompetenceshouldbethegoaloflanguageeducation,centraltogoodclassroompractice.Part1.3Implicationforteachingandlearning(Refertop.19(textbook)CommunicativecompetenceImplicationforlanguageteachingLinguisticcompetenceTeachersneedtohelplearners·achieveraccuracyinthegrammaticalformsofthelanguage;·pronouncetheformsaccurately;·usestress,rhythm,andintonationtoexpressmeaning;·buildarangeofvocabulary;·Learnthescriptandspellingrules;·achieveaccuracyinsyntaxandwordformationCommunicativecompetenceImplicationforlanguageteachingPragmaticcompetenceTeachersneedtohelplearnerslearntherelationshipbetweengrammaticalformsandfunctionsusestressandintonationtoexpressattitudeandemotion;learnthescaleofformality;understandanduseemotivetone;usethepragmaticrulesoflanguage;selectlanguageformsappropriatetotopic;listener,orsetting,etc.CommunicativecompetenceImplicationforlanguageteachingDiscoursecompetenceTeachersneedtohelplearnerstakelongerturns,usediscoursemardersandopenandcloseconversations;appreciateandbeabletoproducecontextualisedwrittentextsinavarietyofgenres;beabletousecohesivedevicesinreadingandwritingtexts;beabletocopewithauthentictexts;CommunicativecompetenceImplicationforlanguageteachingStrategiccompetenceTeachersneedtoenabllearnerstotakerisksinusingthelanguage;tousearangeofcommunicativestrategies;tolearnthelanguageneededtoengageinsomethese;CommunicativecompetenceImplicationforlanguageteachingfluencyTeachersneedtohelplearnersdealwiththeinformationgapofrealdiscourse;processlanguageandrespondappropriatelywithadegreeofease;beabletorespondwithreasonablespeedin‘realtime’Part1.4PrinciplesofCommunicativeLanguageTeaching(CLT)交际语言教学原则CLTalsoplacesgreatemphasisonhelpingstudentsusethetargetlanguageinavarietyofcontextsandplacesgreatemphasisonlearninglanguagefunctions(强调语言在上下文的使用及语言功能的学习)Thismeansthatsuccessfullylearningaforeignlanguageisassessedintermsofhowwelllearnershavedevelopedtheircommunicativecompetence,whichcanlooselybedefinedastheirabilitytoapplyknowledgeofbothformalandsociolinguisticaspectsofalanguagewithadequateproficiencytocommunicate.(语言学习的目的是学习交际技能,即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