1Chapter1TheStructureoftheEnglishSentence(第一章绪论)一、难点、重点1.Presentthegrammaticalunitsthatformahierarchicalorder.(指出构成层次结构的语法单位.)英语句子的结构层次是:分句(clauses)、词组(phrases)、单词(words),图示如下:高级层次句子(由一个或多个分句组成)分句(由一个或多个词组组成)词组(由一个或多个词组成)低级层次词如果从语义的角度来考虑,单词以下还可再分为词素(morphemes);句子以上还有更大的语言单位,即把句子按一定逻辑规则组织起来的语篇。所以,从超语法的角度来看,语法层次结构可以如下图所示:高级层次语篇(由广个或多个句子组成)句子(由一个或多个分句组成)分句(由一个或多个扣组组成)词组(由一个或多个词组成)词(由一个或多个词素组成)低级层次词素2.Morphemes词素(Terms:morpheme,morph,allomorph,freemorphemeandboundmorpheme)(注:此部分内容的学习可以借鉴‘词汇学’的相关内容,然而必须注意两门课程描述的不同点。)什么是词素(morpheme)?词素是语法的最小区别性单位,即最低一级的语法单位。词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素(morph)。词素是一种抽象形式的成分,在不同的环境中一个词素可以由若干个不同的形素体现,如英语中的复数词素可以表现为/s,z,iz/。某一词素在不同的环境中可以用不同的变体或词素变体(allomorph)表示。所谓词素变体是指词素的非区别性变体,几个不同的变体一起构成一个词素。词素又分为自由词素和粘附词素。自由词素(freemorpheme)是指本身具有完整意义,可以独立使用的词素。它可以是简单的单词,如boy,girl,do,so等,也可以是派生词的词根,如im-polite,self-ish等。自由词素具有较强的构词能力。粘附词素(boundmorpheme)是指没有完整意义不能独立使用的词素。粘附词素只表示一种附加意义或语法意义,这种词素不能单独存在和使用,只有粘附在其他词素(主要是自由词素)上才能表示出它的意义。粘附词素的主要功能是在构词中充当词缀,如unfriendliness中的un-,-ly,-ness等。3.Finiteclausesandinfiniteclauses(限定性分句与非限定性分句,定义参见下面的简答题部分)注意这里分句的概念与传统语法的区别,特别是非限定性分句。FiniteClauses(1)名词性分句Whathesaidwasincredible.(2)关系分句ThisisoneofthebestbooksI’veeverread.(3)状语分句IfIwereinyourshoes,Iwouldn’tquit.Non-finiteclauses:(1)非限定性名词性分句:Shedidn’tknowwhattosay.(2)非限定性关系分句:2Themanstandingbythewindowisherbrother.(3)非限定性状语分句:Publishedtenyearsago,thisisstillthebestdictionary.二、重要概念1.morpheme(参见第一部分测试题)2.parsing:Breakingasentenceintosmallercomponentsforanalysisandthengroupingthemintovariousclassesinasystematicway.把一个句子中的各种词按语法范畴给出名称一如主语、宾语、动词、性、数、格等一叫做句子成分分析(parsing)。3.DefinethecomplexsentenceThecomplexsentenceisasentencethatcontainsmorethanoneclausethatarejoinedtogetherbysubordinatingonetoanother.[复杂句是用从属连词(如if,when,though等)连接的一个以上分句的句子.]三、典型考题I.选择题1.Thereare()morphemesin“gunfighter”.A.twoB.threeC.fourD.one2.In“Hedownedhisbeerandpunchedmeonthenose.”“downed”belongsto().(P13)A.backformationB.clippingC.conversionD.blending3.Suffixesbasicallychange().A.wordmeaningB.wordclassC.nothingD.wordformation4.Theprefix“uni-”means().A.withoutB.selfC.falseD.oneKey:1.B2.C3.B4.DII.简答题1.Intermsofwhichthreefactorsarewordsclassified?Thethreefactorsare:theenvironmentwherewordsoccur,theirinternalstructureandtheirmeaning.2.Definethefiniteclausesandthenon-finiteclauses.Thefiniteclausesaretheonesthathavesubjectsandfiniteverbsaspredicates.Thenon-finiteclausesaretheonesthatleavesubjectsunsaidandverbsinnon-finiteforms.(限定分句是主语加限定动词作谓语的分句。非限定分句是省略主语而动词以非限定形式出现(主语省略是因为其前面或后面已有主语。)Chapter2SentenceTypes(第二章句子类型)一、难点、重点1.英语句子四大类型为陈述句,疑问句,祈使句和感叹句;这四种句型分别表示提供信息,寻求信息,要求动作进行和表达说话者的情感.31.Explaintheconditionsinwhichweneedtousenon-assertivewordsinpositivestatementsandassertivewordsinquestions.(解释在肯定句中使用非肯定词和在疑问句中使用肯定句的情况。)Whenapositiveanswerisexpected,assertivewordscanbeusedinquestions,suchas:Wouldyoulikesomemorecoffee?Issomebodywaitingforme?Andinaffirmativesentencesinwhichtherearenegativeimport,if-clauses,putativeshould-clauses,andcomparativeclauses,non-assertivewordscanbeused,suchas:Heistooyoungtotakeanyjob.Ifanyonecallsmeatthismoment,itmustbeXiaoZhang.It’soddthattheheroshouldsayanythinglikethat.He’sbetterthananyoneelseinthiscompany.疑问句中如期望肯定回答,可用肯定词,在含有带否定含义的词,If-分句,should推定分句,比较分句中也可用非肯定词.3.Explainthedifferencebetweenatagquestionwithafinalrisingtoneandonewithafinalfallingtone.(解释附加疑问句结尾升调与降调的区别。)Witharisingtone,thequestionexpressesthespeaker’sneutralexpectationofthehearer’sresponseandinvitesthehearertoverifythetruthofthepropositioninthestatement.Withafallingtone,thespeakerasksforthehearer’sconfirmationofthestatement.Itcanberegardedassimilartoanexclamation.(念升调,附加疑问句的说话者对对方的回答不是很确定;念降调,说话者期望对方证实他的陈述,有点类似于感叹句。)Examples:Lovelyweather,isn’tit?(Seeingthestudent’sID)Youareastudent,aren’tyou?以上两句,都应该念降调。另外,在附加疑问句中,HAVE一词也是常考的重点:Youhaveheardme,haven’tyou?(Auxiliary‘have’)Maryhastoliveonherown,doesn’tshe?Tomhascoffeewithmilk,doesn’the?(Inthesenseof‘possess’,‘own’,etc.)Youhaveabighouse,don’t/haven’tyou?4.Commands1)Bepatient.(Command)2)Youbepatient.(Emphaticeffect,ortolightacontrast)3)Dobepatient.(Toreinforceacommand)4)Bepatient,please!(Tosmoothawayabruptness)5)Youbepatient,please!(Thissentenceisincorrect!)Sothefollowingsentencesarealsocommands:1)Someonetakeouttherubbish.2)Anybodyhelphim!3)Everyonefreeze!二、重要概念1.Alternativequestions:Thosequestionsthatsuggesttwo(ormore)alternativesandusuallyimplythatoneofthemcouldbetrue.42.How-exclamations:Exclamationsthatareledbytheadverb‘how’.Ithighlightstheadjective,adverb,orverbinexclamations.三、典型考题I.选择题1.Youhavetowaitamoment,______?A.haven'tyouB.doyouC.don'tyouD.shouldn'tyou2.Marywasn'tinthereading-room,wasshe?_________.A.Yes,shewasn'tB.No,shewasC.Yes,shewasD.Shewasn'tKey:1.c2.cII.简答题1.Whataretheverbswhichtransferrednegationoftenoccurswith?Whatistheirsharedsemanticfeature?(转移否定经常与哪些动词同现?它们有什么共同的语义特征?)Theverbswhichtransferrednegationoftenoccurswithare:think,believe,suppose,imagineandexpect.Theyaretheverbsthatexpress“opinion”.(转移否定经常与think,believe,suppose,imagine和expect等动词连用。这些动词都是表示“意见”的语义。)2.Whatarethetwomajortypesofexclamations?(感叹句的两大类型是什