应用语言学简介..

Appliedlinguistics应用语言学（乐眉云）第一讲王燕芳Unit1WhatisAppliedLinguistics?AbriefhistoryDefinitionandscopeTheroleofappliedlinguisticsTheoreticalbasesThenatureofappliedlinguisticsAppliedlinguisticsandthelanguageteacherDiscussionquestionsAbriefhistory(abroad)In1870PolishlinguistJ.BaudouindeCourtenay（博杜恩德库尔特内）——“appliedlinguistics”,thedistinctionbetweenpurelinguisticsandappliedlinguisticsandthepurposeofappliedlinguistics.inthe1940sIn1946,theUniversityofMichiganfoundedtheEnglishLanguageInstitute.UndertheguidanceofCharlesC.FriesandRobertLado,peopletherestudiedproblemsofteachingEnglishtoforeigners.TheypublishedthefamousjournalLanguageLearning,subtitledJournalofAppliedLinguistics（1949）.Itwasthefirstjournalintheworldtohavetheterm―appliedlinguisticsinitstitle.inthe1950sInthe1950s,alongwiththerevolutionbroughtaboutbyChomsky,linguisticsshookoffthefettersofstructuralism.Thispavedthewayforthedevelopmentofthehybriddisciplinessuchassociolinguisticsandpsycholinguistics.inthe1960sGenerallyspeaking,peoplethoughtthemid-1960swasthedevelopingperiodofappliedlinguistics.In1964,thefirstworldconferenceofAppliedLinguisticswasheldinNancy,France,andtheInternationalAssociationofAppliedLinguisticswassetup.Thismarkedtherecognitionofthestatusofappliedlinguisticsasanindependentdiscipline.Whydidappliedlinguisticsdevelopsoquickinthe1960s?Thereare4reasons(Gui,1988:11):Theneedsofpractice.Thedevelopingoflinguisticsitself.Thedevelopingofeducation.Thematurityofappliedlinguistics.developmentofappliedlinguisticsinChinaWhenappliedlinguisticsdevelopedquicklyabroad,ChinahappenedtoundergotheCulturalRevolution.Notuntilthe10-yearCulturalRevolutionwasoverdidforeignlanguageteachershavechancetostudyappliedlinguistics.However,appliedlinguisticsdevelopsquickly.In1980,withthejointinitiation,theConferenceofAppliedLinguisticsandEnglishTeachingwasheld.In1985,theInternationalConferenceoftheTeachingofEnglishinChinawasheldinGuangzhouwhichwasjointlyinitiatedbytheResearchAssociationofTheTeachingofEnglishinChinaandGuangzhouForeignLanguageInstitute.Since1978,GuangzhouForeignLanguageInstitutehasbeguntoenrollgraduatesoflinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.DefinitionandscopeRoughlyspeaking,appliedlinguisticsisusingwhatweknowabout(a)language,(b)howitislearnedand(c)howitisused,inordertoachievesomepurposesorsolvesomeproblemsintherealworld.Thosepurposesaremanyandvaried.Asappliedlinguisticsisacomparativelynewdiscipline,thereisyetnoconsensusofopinionsastowhatitsdefinitionisandhowwideitsscopeshouldbe.However,thedifferentviewsonitsdefinitionandscopefallintothreegeneralcategories:1)Thenarrowview:ThisisrepresentedbyR.L.Politzer,whodiscussesappliedlinguisticswithparticularreferencetoforeignlanguageteaching.Henotesthatappliedlinguisticsinforeignlanguageteachingrequirestheuseoflinguisticstoformulateassumptions.“Appliedlinguistics”hesays,“…isultimatelyahabit,awayofusinglinguisticconceptualizationtodefineandsolvepedagogicalproblems”Thebroadview:ThisisrepresentedbyDavidCrystal(1981)andL.Pap(1972)saysthatappliedlinguistics“mayineffectbeconsideredasacrossroad,aninterdisciplinaryarea,acombinationoflinguisticswithpsychology,pedagogy,mathematics,electronics,politicalscience,andsoforth.”Inthebroadview,therefore,“anydefinableareaofhumanendeavor”towhich“theinvestigationofthetheories,methodsandempiricalfindingsoflinguisticscouldbeapplied”fallsintothescopeofappliedlinguistics.Themoderateview:ThisisrepresentedbyJ.Richardetal(1985),whocompiledLongmanDictionaryofAppliedLinguistics.Accordingtothem,appliedlinguisticsrefersto“appliedlinguisticsoflanguageteaching”,ratherthantothebroaderapplicationsoflanguagestudyinsuchareaasmedicine,law,stylistics,languageplanningordictionarycompilation.Theysay,“…ingeneralusage,thetermreferstothestudyoflanguageteachingandlearning”.Intheirview,thecontentandsubjectmatteroftheappliedlinguisticsoflanguageteachingandlearninggenerallyincludethefollowingareasofstudy:1.introductorylinguistics,includingphonology,phonetics,syntax,morphologyandsemantics2.Englishgrammar(orthegrammarofthelanguagethestudentisspecializingin)3.discourseanalysis4.sociolinguistics,includingthesociologyoflanguageandcommunicativecompetence5.psycholinguistics,includingfirstandsecondlanguageacquisitionSLA,contrastiveanalysis,erroranalysisandlearningtheories6.theteachingoflistening,speaking,readingandwriting7.themethodologyoflanguageteaching,includingmethods,courseandsyllabusdesign8.languagetestingandbasicstatisticsTheroleofappliedlinguisticsLinguistics,etcAppliedlinguisticsLanguageteaching,etcTheoreticalbasesGenerallyspeaking,applieddisciplineisjustthecounterpartoftheoreticaldiscipline.Theapplieddisciplinereferstotheonewhichappliesthetheory,rules,principles,methodandfindingsofthetheoreticaldisciplineintothefieldotherthanthistheoreticalfieldofitsown.Forexample,theappliedmathematics,appliedphysicsbelongtothiscategory.But,appliedlinguisticsisnotso.Ithasitsowncharacteristics:a)Whatappliedlinguisticsappliesisnotjusttheories,butalsothedescriptionoflanguage.Forexample,thedescriptionofsoundscanbeusedtoteachi