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文艺复兴时期文学:1.文艺复兴的时间界定:Itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14-thandmid-17thcenturies2..文艺复兴的理论基础:人文主义兴起A.核心:humanismistheessenceofRenaissance.Itsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencefortheantiqueauthors.B.基础:Itwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.3.文艺复兴的文化背景:A.场所:EnglishschoolsandUniversitieswereestablishedinplaceoftheoldmonasteries.B.印刷术的引进:WilliamCaxtonintroducedprintingintoEngland.C.翻译的时代的出现:Withtheintroductionofprinting,andageofthetranslationcameintobeing.4.文学形式:A.诗歌A)早期特点:ThefirstperiodoftheEnglishRenaissancewasoneoftheimitationandassimilation.B)早期作家及作品:a.Spenser'sTheShepheardesCalendarshowedthepastoralconvention.b.InThepassionateShepherdtoHisLove,Marlowespokethatitwouldbeverydifficultforustoconnectitwiththevoiceinhistragedies.c.PoetryandPoeticdramawerethemostoutstandingliteraryformsandcarriedonbyShakespeareandBenJohnson.B.戏剧:A)特点:TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.B)作家:ThemostfamousdramatistsareChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare,andJohnson.WilliamShakespeareA.创作生涯及作品a.Apprenticeshipperiodb.Highlyindividualizedperiodc.Thegreatesttragediesanddarkcomediesperiodd.Romantictragicomediesperiod.B.作品主题:a.Shakespeare'shistoryplaysaremainlywrittenundertheprinciplethatnationalunityunderamightyandjustsovereignisanecessity.b.Inhisromanticcomedies,Shakespearetakesandoptimisticattitudetowardloveandyouth,andtheromanticelementsarebroughtinfullplay.c.Thetragedies,theplay,thoughatragedy,ispermeatedwithoptimisticspirit.1/36C.四大悲剧:A.Thecommonfeature:Shakespeare'sgreatesttragediesare:Hamlet,Othello,Kingliear,andMacbeth.Theyhavesomecharacteristicincommon.Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacestheinjusticeofhumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation.B.Therealisticspirits:Alongwiththeportrayaloftheweaknessorbiasofthehero,weseethesharpconflictsbetweentheindividualandtheevilforceinthesociety,whichshowsthatShakespeareisagreatrealistinthetruesense.D.艺术成就A.Thecharactersa.Shakespeare'smajorcharactersareneithermerelyindividualoneortypeones.b.Byapplyingapsycho-analyticalapproach,Shakespearesucceedsinexploringthecharacters'innermind.c.Shakespearealsoportrayshischaractersinpairs.Contrastsarefrequentlyusedtobringvividnesstohischaracters.B.Constructiona.Shakespeare'splaysarewell-knowfortheiradroitplotconstruction.Heborrowsthemfromsomeoldplaysorstorybooks,orfromancientGreekandRomansources.b.Hewouldshortenthetimeandintensitythestory.Thereareusuallyseveralthreadsrunningthroughtheplay.B.languageandstylea.Ironyisagoodmeansofdramaticpresentation.Disguiseisalsoaimportantdevicetocreatedramaticirony,usuallywithwomandisguisedasman.b.Hehasanamazingwealthofvocabularyandidiom.Hisinfluenceonlaterwritersisimmeasurable.AlmostallEnglishwritersafterhimhavebeeninfluencedbyhimeitherinartisticpointofview,inliteraryformorinlanguageJohnMiltonA.创作Milton'sliteraryachievementscanbedividedintothreegroups.a.TheearlyworksMilton'sappearsastheinheritorofallthatwasbestinElizabethanliterature.Lycidasisatypicalexample.B.Themiddleworks.Hispowerfulpamphletswrittenduringthisperiodmakehimthegreatestprosewriterofthisage.Areopagiticaisprobablyhismostmemorableprosework.c.Thelastgreatpoems2/36Miltonwrotehisthreemajorpoeticalworks:Paradistlost,paradistregained,andSamsonAgonisters.B.代表作ParadistlostA.)Thethemeandstructure:Paradistlostisalongepicdividedinto12books.Thethemeisthe“FallofMan”B.)Thehumanisticspiritsa.Workingthroughthetraditionofachristianhumanism,Miltonwroteparadiselost,intendingtoexposethewaysofSatanandto“justifythewaysofGodtoman”b.AtthecenteroftheconflictbetweenhumanloveandspiritualdutyliesMilton'sfundamentalconcernwithfreedomandchoice.c.ThefreedomofthewillisthekeystoneofMilton'screed.新古典时期文学Theneoclassicalperiod1.时间界定Theneoclassicalperiodisbetweenthereturnofthestuartsin1660andthefullassertionofRomanticismwhichcamewiththepublicationofLyricalBalladsin17981660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟到以华兹华斯和科勒律治1798年出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期为止的英国文学时代。2.启蒙运动A概述a.特点启蒙运动是进步的知识分子运动The18th-centuryEnglandisalsoknowastheAgeofEnglightenmentortheAgeofReason.TheenlightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementb.起源ItflourishedinFranceandsweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.兴盛于法国，后席卷整个欧洲c.性质ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissenceofthe15thand16thcenturies.是15世纪，16世纪文艺复兴的延续与发展d.目的Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.运动的宗旨是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界B.人文观与文学特点a.Theenlightenersadvocateduniversaleducation全民教育.Theybelievethathumanbeingswerelimited,dualistic,imperfect,人有着局限性,两面性及不完美性andyetcapableofrationalityandperfectionthrougheducation.但人也有能力通过教育来使自己臻于理智,臻于完美.b.Literatureatthetime,heavilydidacticandmoralizing,becameaverypopularmeansofpubliceducation.3.文学形式当时的文学作品中充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具.A.伤感主义文学3/36Inthelastfewdecadesofthe18thcentury,however,theneoclassicalemphasisuponreason,intellect,withandformwasrebelledagainstorchallengedbythesentimentalists,andwasgraduallybyRomanticism.侧重于理性与智慧,叛逆的文学形式,并在一定时期被浪漫主义替代.B.新古典主义诗歌TheneoclassicalperiodwitnessedtheflourishofEnglishp