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语法专题：现在完成时和初中时态小结a.读故事，悟语法——现在完成时的理解【Youhavelostyourwholelife.】Oncealearnedmanwasinaboat.Hewasgoingtocrosstheriver.“Doyouknowmath?”heaskedtheboatingman.“No,sir,”theboatmananswered.“Thenyouhavelostonequarterofyourlife,”saidthelearnedman.“Doyouknowhistory?”heaskedagain.“No,sir,”saidtheboatman.“Thenyouhavelosthalfofyourlife,”saidthelearnedman.“Doyouknowpainting?”hecontinued.“Idon’tknowthat,either,”saidtheboatman.“Thenyouhavelostthreequartersofyourlife.”Justthenastrongwindcameandturnedtheboatupsidedown.“Doyouknowhowtoswim?”askedtheboatman.“No,”answeredthelearnedman.“Wellthen,”saidtheboatman,“youhavelostyourwholelife.”【Abirthdaypresent】Helen:Mum,I’mgoingtosendyouapresentforyourbirthday?Mum:Thanks,dear!Whatisit?Helen:Aniceteapot.Mum:ButI’vegotaniceteapot.Helen:No,youhaven’t.I’vejustbrokenit!【Aterribletennisplayer】WhenAlanwasyoung,heplayedfootballalot,andhewasverygoodatit,butthenhewentandworkedinatown,andtherewasnoteamforhimthere,sohestoppedplaying.Thenhebegantogetfat,sohethought,“I’vestoppedplayingfootball,andnowI’mgettingfat.WhatamIgoingtodo?”Hethoughtaboutitforafewdays,andthenhesaidtohimself,“IknowI’llplaytennis.”Hehadafewlessons,andthenplayedforafewdays.Hemetanicegirlatthetenniscluboneday,andtheyplayedagameoftennisagainstanothermanandwoman.Alanplayedverybadly,andwasveryangrywithhimself.“I’veneverplayedasbadlyasthisbefore,”hesaidtothegirl.“Oh,”shesaid.“Youhaveplayedbefore,haven’tyou?”【Ididn’twanttowalkhome.】Mrs.Brown’soldgrandfatherlivedwithherandherhusband.Everymorninghewentforawalkintheparkandcamehomeathalfpasttwelveforhislunch.ButonemorningapolicecarstoppedoutsideMrs.Brown’shouseattwelveo’clock,andtwopolicemenhelpedMr.Browntogetout.OneofthemsaidtoMrs.Brown,“Thepooroldgentlemanlosthiswayintheparkandtelephonedtousforhelp,sowesentacartobringhimhome.”Mrs.Brownwasverysurprised,butshethankedthepolicemenandtheyleft.“But,Grandfather,”shethensaid,“youhavebeentothatparknearlyeverydayfortwentyyears.Howdidyouloseyourwaythere?”Theoldmansmiled,closedoneeyeandsaid,“Ididn’tquitelosemyway.IjustgottiredandIdidn’twanttowalkhome.”【Everythingwillsoonbeallright.】Anoldmandiedandlefthissonalotofmoney.Butthesonwasafoolishyoungman,andhequicklyranoutofallthemoney,sothatsoonhehadnothingleft.Ofcourse,whenthathappened,allhisfriendslefthim.Whenhewasquitepoorandalone,hewenttoseeNasreddin,whowasakind,cleveroldmanandoftenhelpedpeoplewhentheyhadtroubles.“Mymoneyhasfinishedandmyfriendshavegone,”saidtheyoungman.“Whatwillhappentomenow?”“Don’tworry,youngman,”answeredNasreddin.“Everythingwillsoonbeallrightagain.Wait,andyouwillsoonfeelmuchhappier.”Theyoungmanwasveryglad.“AmIgoingtogetrichagainthen?”heaskedNasreddin.“No,Ididn’tmeanthat,”saidtheoldman.“Imeantthatyouwouldsoongetusedtobeingpoorandtohavingnofriends.”【Howmanylightsarethere?】InEnglandnobodyundertheageofeighteenisallowedtodrinkinapublicbar.Mr.Thompsonusedtogotoabarnearhishousequiteoften,buthenevertookhisson,Tom,becausehewastooyoung.ThenwhenTomhadhiseighteenthbirthday,Mr.Thompsontookhimtohisusualbarforthefirsttime.Theydrankforhalfanhour,andthenMr.Thompsonsaidtohisson,“Now,Tom,Iwanttoteachyouausefullesson.Youmustalwaysbecarefulnottodrinktoomuch.Andhowdoyouknowwhenyou’vehadenough?Well,I’lltellyou.Doyouseethosetwolightsattheendofthebar?Whentheyseemtohavebecomefour,you’vehadenoughandshouldgohome.”“But,Dad,”saidTom,“Icanonlyseeonelightattheendofthebar.”b.现在完成时时态解析1.现在完成时的含义基本格式:I/We/Theyhavedone…He/She/Ithasdone…（1）表示已经/曾经做过了某事（“已经”/“曾经”）：动作已完成，不再持续。Ihavedone/finishedmyhomeworkalready.HehasbeentoBeijing(threetimes).（2）表示持续（“已经”）：一个动作（或开始的状态）开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或者可能还要继续下去（也可能到此结束）。Hehasbeen/livedinJiningsince10yearsago/for10years.（3）表示影响或结果（“已经”）：一个过去发生的动作已经完成，并且对现在仍有影响或产生了结果。HehasleftJiningalready.=HehasbeenawayfromJiningalready.HehasgonetoBeijing.2.现在完成时表示的时间范畴2019-12-312018-12-312027-12-313.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别（1）HelivedinJiningfortenyears.HehaslivedinJiningfortenyears.（2）Isawhim10yearsago.Ihaveseenhim10yearsbefore.Ihaven’tseenhimfor10years.（3）Shehadherbreakfastyesterdaymorning.Shehashadherbreakfastalready.（4）HewasinJininglastyear.HehasbeeninJiningsincelastyear.4.现在完成时的标志词解析alreadyyetjusteverneverrecentlythesedayssincesince10yearsagoeversincethenforfor10yearsforalongtimeuptonowsofartillnowinthepast/lastfewyears/months/weeksonce/twice/threetimes/acoupleoftimes/severaltimes/manytimes5.延续性动词和非延续性动词延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，而且这个动作是可以延续下去的或产生持久影响的。如stay,live,learn,study,work,wait,watch,sing,read等。非延续性动词也称短暂性动词、瞬间动词或终止性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open,close,finish,begin,come,go,arrive,reach,leave,getto,move,borrow,buy,die,finish等。现在完成时常跟表示一段时间的时间状语，如for+一段时间、since+时间点、duringthepast/last+一段时间等，因此谓语必须是一种状态或表示延续性的动作，也就是延续性动词及其短语，或表示状态的词或短语。非延续性动词及其短语的肯定形式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，而否定形式就可以和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为否定本身就是可以延续的，如：Shehasn’theardfromhersisterfortwoweeks.hearfrom是“收到……的来信”的意思，是短暂性动词短语，但其否定形式时则表示一种可以持续的状态（没有收到信的状态），因此可以跟表示一段时间的状语连用。①Hedied10yearsago.He____________________________for10years/since10yearsago.②Heborrowedthebook2weeksago.He__________________thebookfor2weeks.③Heboughtthemotorbikeamonthago.He__________________themotorbikefo